Brief Overview of The Freedmens Bureau

The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, also known as the Freedmen’s Bureau was established in 1865 to assist newly freed African-Americans and displaced whites following the Civil War. The Freedmen’s Bureau provided freed African-Americans and whites with shelter, food, employment assistance, and education. The Freedmen’s Bureau is considered the first federal agency devoted to the social welfare of Americans.   Why was the Freedmen's Bureau Established? In February of 1862, abolitionist and journalist George William Curtis wrote to the Treasury Department suggesting that a federal agency be established to help formerly enslaved people. The following month, Curtis published an editorial advocating for such an agency. As a result, abolitionists such as Francis Shaw began lobbying for such an agency. Both Shaw and Curtis assisted Senator Charles Sumner draft the Freedmen’s Bill—one of the first steps to establishing the Freedmen’s Bureau. Following the Civil War, the South was devastated--farms, railroads, and roads had all been destroyed, and there were an estimated four million African-Americans who had been freed yet had no food or shelter. Many were also illiterate and wanted to attend school.   Congress established the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands. This agency was also known as the Freedmen’s Bureau in March 1865. Created as a temporary agency, the Freedmen’s Bureau was part of the War Department, which was headed by General Oliver Otis Howard. Providing assistance to both African-Americans and whites who were displaced following the Civil War, the Freedmen’s Bureau offered shelter, basic medical care, job assistance and educational services.   Andrew Johnson's Opposition to the Freedmen's Bureau Just one year after its establishment, Congress passed another Freedmen’s Bureau Act. As a result, the Freedmen’s Bureau was not only going to present for another two years, but the U.S. Army was commanded to protect the civil rights of African-Americans in former Confederate states. However, former President  Andrew Johnson  vetoed the bill. Soon after Johnson sent Generals John Steedman and Joseph Fullerton to tour sites of the Freedmen’s Bureau. The purpose of the generals’ tour was to reveal that the Freedmen’s Bureau was unsuccessful. Nevertheless, many southern African-Americans supported the Freedmen’s Bureau because of the aid and protection provided.   Congress passed the Freedmen’s Bureau Act for the second time in July of 1866. Although Johnson vetoed the act again, Congress overrode his action. As a result, the Freedmen’s Bureau Act became law.   What Other Obstacles Did the Freedmen's Bureau Face? Despite the resources that the Freedmen’s Bureau was able to provide to newly freed African-Americans and displaced whites, the agency faced many problems. The Freedmen’s Bureau never received enough funding to provide for people in need. In addition, the Freedmen’s Bureau only had an estimated 900 agents throughout southern states. And in addition to the opposition that Johnson presented in the existence of the Freedmen’s Bureau, white southerners appealed to their political representatives at the local and state levels to end the work of the Freedmen’s Bureau. At the same time, many white northerners opposed the idea of providing relief solely to African-Americans following the Civil War.   What Led to the Demise of the Freedmen's Bureau? In July of 1868, Congress passed a law that closed the Freedmen’s Bureau. By 1869, General Howard had ended most of the programs associated with the Freedmen’s Bureau. The only program that remained in operation was its educational services.  The Freedmen’s Bureau closed completely in 1872. Following the closing of the Freedmen’s Bureau, editorialist George William Curtis wrote, No institution was ever more imperatively necessary, and none has been more useful.  Additionally, Curtis agreed with the argument that the Freedmen’s Bureau had averted a â€Å"war of races,† which allowed the South to rebuild itself following the Civil War.

Darwin s Theory Of Natural Selection - 1638 Words

Ways that Darwin’s theory of natural selection was transformative to his society According to thefreedictionary.com the definition of natural selection is the process in which, according to Darwin’s theory of evolution, organisms that are better adapted to their environment tend to survive longer and transmit more of their genetic characteristics to succeeding generations, than do those that are less well adapted. The following section will cover aspects on which Darwin’s theory was transformative on his society, and also the general feelings of his contemporaries towards his work. Joseph Hooker, a lifelong friend and contemporary of Charles Robert Darwin was the first person Darwin confided in about his discoveries and theories of natural selection. â€Å"Yet Hooker never hesitated to criticize Darwin when he disagreed with him† (www.kew.org) Alfred Russel Wallace held some pre- Darwinian ideas about evolution. Brief correspondences took place between Darwin and Alfred and to their shock Wallace’s work â€Å"nearly replicated Darwin’s own theory†, when he sent it to Darwin in 1859. (www.evolution.berkeley.edu,2016) Alfred Wallace almost published first, in which case it would be â€Å"Wallace’s Theory of Evolution.† Religion created a mental block against evolutionism at the time in society (even so in modern society). Religious views that god created all animals and other living organisms maintained the controversy that evolution was/is not possible. In my opinion Darwin’s theoryShow MoreRelatedCharles Darwin And Darwin s Theory Of Natural Selection1489 Words   |  6 Pagesto discover that this species has been completely altered. This outcome is a direct result of a ubiquitous phenomenon theorized by none other than Charles Darwin, a prestigious naturalist and biologist. This venerable man was able to unveil many revelations regarding variability through the development of his theory of natural selection (Darwin and Huxley xii). Having an inherent adoration toward nature as a young child likely provided a significant incentive. Though Darwin’s thesis is not immaculateRead MoreCharles Darwin s Theory Of Natural Selection1399 Words   |  6 Pages(thoughtco). Charles Darwin’s theory clearly state that evolution occurs by natural selection. Darwin published a book in 1859 on the origin of species. In the book Darwin talks about the philosophy of natural selection. Natural selection is when a group of species show variation in their physical characters. This is because of the difference in their gene. Charles Darwin proposed that natural selection acts to preserve accumulate minor advantageous genetic mutations (Darwin’s-theory-of-evolution). EvolutionRead MoreDarwin s Theory Of Natural Selection1288 Words   |  6 Pagesmakeup (phenotype makeup) of a population over time; or a change in allele frequencies in a population over time (College Biology, 2014, p. 513). Darwin’s theory of natural selection says that organisms have great potential fertility, natural resources are very limited, variation in phenotypes exists among individuals within a species, natural populations naturally remain constant and consistent in size, and traits (an observable or measurable characteristic) that an organism holds are heritableRead MoreDarwin s Theory Of Natural Selection1189 Words   |  5 PagesCharles Darwin presented his theory of natural selection in On the Origin of Species he was aware that it would not easily be accepted. Darwin compares the struggle he anticipates to the challenges encountered in other scientific fields, writing, â€Å"The difficulty is the same as felt by so many geologists, when Lyell first insisted that long lines of island cliffs had been formed, and great valleys excavated, by the slow action of the coast-waves† (Darwin, 392). Darwin anticipates that his theory willRead MoreDarwin s Theory Of Natural Selection1128 Words   |  5 PagesCharles Darwin broached the theory of natural selection in his book the Origin of Species, which has been considered the basis of evolutionary biology to this day. Natural selection is when populations of a species evolve over the course of many generations. Darwin believed that species were not created separately, but instead, species were derived from one another. In other words, the evolution of species creates many variations among creatures, and this is because all of those species came fromRead MoreCharles Darwin s Theory Of Natural Selection Essay1707 Words   |  7 PagesWhen Charles Darwin first developed his theory of Natural selection, he discovered that â€Å"Individuals in populations vary their â€Å"heritable† tr aits† (Leicht and McAllister, 2006. p. 157). And that â€Å"if a particular inherited trait confers a higher likelihood of survival and reproduction, individuals with that trait will leave more offspring than other individuals in the population† (Leicht and McAllister, 2006. p.157). With this in mind, during project 3 we took pooled data of the entire class in orderRead MoreCharles Darwin s Theory Of Natural Selection2372 Words   |  10 PagesCharles Darwin in his theory of natural selection said â€Å" the fittest of the fittest will survive,† and year after year China has proven they are the fittest by climbing the economic ladder, as Mark Schwartz Vice Chairman of Goldman Sachs and Chairman of Golden Sachs Asia Pacific, claims in his speech â€Å"China’s Economic Success and Opportunities,† â€Å"China is coming out of a period of rapid growth almost ten percent over the last thirty (30) years. In 2013 China’s gross domestic product (G DP) was 9Read MoreCharles Darwin s Theory Of Evolution And Natural Selection2114 Words   |  9 PagesCharles Darwin Charles Darwin was born in Shrewsbury, England, on February 12, 1809. He died on April 19, 1882 in Kent, England (Biography.com Editors). Charles Darwin brought many revolutionary visions to the world of science, including evolution. Charles Darwin was an English naturalist and geologist. He is best known for his theory of evolution, and natural selection. Darwin learned most of his information on the Voyage of the Beagle, and from this trip he wrote a book, Of the Origin of SpeciesRead MoreDarwin ´s Theory of Natural Selection and Primates1285 Words   |  6 PagesLamarck. Although Darwin was not the first thinker about the concept of evolution, he was a revolutionary in developing a theory of evolution that was consistent. The distinctive element of the evolutionary theory conceived by Darwin is the way he viewed species. Darwin considered variation among individuals of a species to be natural. He further argued that variation, far from being problematic, actually provides the explanation for the existence of distinct species. Darwin adopted elementsRead MoreCharles Darwin s Theory Of Natural Selection1408 Words   |  6 Pagesbenefit in result of the heritable genes and eventually through generations, the variants will be spread throughout the entire population (Montgomery, 2009). Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection can be supported through both fossils and homologous structures. A technique that supports Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection is fossils. A fossil is the remnant or imprint of a previous animal embedded in rock and preserved in petrified form (J, Castro, 2013). Fossils are used and are still important

Often when the word fraternities come to mind many of us...

Often when the word fraternities come to mind many of us tend to think of pop-culture references such as Animal House or Old School. This is even what I thought going into one myself. But as I took a closer look, I realized this is not the life that they put out to be in the movies. Then again when are the movies ever really right about the real world? I was surprised to be honest that my idea of a fraternity was slightly skewed from reality but as time went on and I got more involved, the less I liked the idea of only parties. Fraternities have opened my mind to learning about subjects that I would never have been interested in before and help motivate me to do better in school. This is why I believe Fraternities promote education through†¦show more content†¦As they soon realize that is not what being Greek is about anymore. We strive to separate from this idea and often try to avoid initiating the people who do believe in this life style. But Im not here to boost up Delta Chi. When looking at most if not all of the fraternities on campus have the same view. I have been to more speakers, meetings with influential business leaders in the are and other events that have broadened my thinking than I have parties hosted by a fraternity. Here is the problem when I hear people associating fraternities with parties. I have been to multiple campuses and see many parties put on by all walks of life I have seen more than just frat boys drinking, granted there are individuals that may belong to a fraternity but this does not represent the fraternities as a whole. According to NIH (National Institute of Health) â€Å"42%,or over 3 million of the 8 million students attending colleges in the U.S. have consumed five or more drinks during a single drinking occasion within the past 30 days. † This is problem college wide, hell there are even houses here that have gotten nicknames so people know which house party they are talking about. But the fact is that thes e houses tend to have parties every weekend and some during week days. Now don’t get me wrong, it is ok to have a party everyonce in a while, in fact we tend to have one a semesterShow MoreRelatedAbnormal Psychology. Classification and Assessment of Abnormal Behavior20707 Words   |  83 PagesI pulled, uh well at the nearest exit. I just got off . . . uh stopped and, I had never experienced anything like that before. Interviewer: That was just a . . . Jerry: Out of the clear blue . . . Interviewer: Out of the clear blue? And what’d you think was going on? Jerry: I had no idea. Interviewer: You just knew you were . . . Jerry: I thought maybe I was having a heart attack. Interviewer: Okay. Source: Exerpted from â€Å"Panic Disorder: The Case of Jerry,† found on the Videos in Abnormal PsychologyRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesJersey 07458. Many of the designations by manufacturers and seller to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Whetten, David A. (David Allred) Developing management skills /David A. Whetten, Kim S. Cameron.—8th ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBNRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pageslikewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initialRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pages121 147 147 Text 3. Why Organizations Change Text Cohen †¢ Effective Behavior in Organizations, Seventh Edition 14. Initiating Change 174 174 Text iii Cases 221 221 225 The Consolidated Life Case: Caught Between Corporate Cultures Who’s in Charge? (The)(Jim)(Davis)(Case) Morin−Jarrell †¢ Driving Shareholder Value I. Valuation 229 229 253 279 1. The Value−Based Management Framework: An Overview 2. Why Value Value? 4. 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C) It helps to build a loyal customer base but has no impact on a firms intangible assets. D) It is more important for bigger organizations than smaller ones. E) It is seldom used by nonprofitRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesComprehension: Questions for Review 80 Key Terms 80 81 HRM Workshop Linking Concepts to Practice: Discussion Questions 81 Developing Diagnostic and Analytical Skills 81 Case Application 3-A: Diversity Is the New Color This Year 81 Case Application 3-B: When Oversight Fails 81 Working with a Team: What’s Your Perception? 82 Learning an HRM Skill: Investigating a Harassment Complaint 82 Enhancing Your Communication Skills 83 DID YOU KNOW?: Suggestions for Recruiting Minorities and Women 60 Adverse ImpactRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesCross Reference of Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) Concepts to Text Topics Chapter 1 Modern Project Management Chapter 8 Scheduling resources and cost 1.2 Project defined 1.3 Project management defined 1.4 Projects and programs (.2) 2.1 The project life cycle (.2.3) App. G.1 The project manager App. G.7 Political and social environments F.1 Integration of project management processes [3.1] 6.5.2 Setting a schedule baseline [8.1.4] 6.5.3.1 Setting a resource schedule 6.5.2.4 ResourceRead MoreI Love Reading Essay69689 Words   |  279 Pages5.9 : Figure 5.10 : Figure 6.1 : Figure 6.2 : Figure 6.3 : Figure 6.4 : Figure 6.5 : Figure 6.6 : Figure 6.7 : Figure 6.8 : Figure 7.1 : Figure A.1 : Figure A.2 : Figure A.3 : Figure A.4 : Figure A.5 : PE/VC investments by industry in 2007(Total US$ 14.2 Bn) Growth of venture capital and private equity in India, 2000-2007 Investments by stage– Number of deals Building synergies Importance of education Qualiï ¬ cation of entrepreneurs Qualiï ¬ cation of entrepreneurs – Variations according to time period

Intercultural Semantics and Sociolinguistics MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Intercultural Semantics and Sociolinguistics. Answer: Introduction: The context of language in the course of communication can be diversified into various perspectives. The morphological and sociolinguistic variants of the use of the interjected words have been used for the communicative function and the terms of expression. The website and the use are drawn mainly on a linear plane as restrictions on the part of the syntactic, morphological and phrasal level. It is more of a result of the contemporary goals and the assimilation of both the terms of expression, which is majorly offensive to the strength of the usage. The insertion of fuck and fucking revolves with a number of limitations, which can be strategically used by the program. From the viewpoint of linguistics the swear words seem to be a product of de-semanticization which lacks the support and the theories of semantic approach (Chen et al., 2014). The normal stance can be regulated through the reactive sense which has been attributed as the derivative to the interjections of the purpose of including a swear word in the midst of a conversation and the patterns of communication. The significance and the purpose of using a web page which is developed on the use of swearing in a language of the cultural differences, which emerges through this concept. Moreover, the development of the various perspectives that has been utilized for the employment of a new vocabulary have to be practiced which has been used in the website for demonstrating and analyzing the context and approach on the accounts of the structure of semantics. The discourse on the use of language and communication patterns can have an extensive outlook on the impacts and influence of the speaker and the listener. In regards to the Chrome Extension, Fuck the Shit Up, the application of the swear words have been congruent with the type of the webpage on which it is observed (Dewaele , 2016). The aspect and utility of swear words as an overtly grammatical expression of English language can be analyzed through the connotations involved while comprehending the nature and scope of using the swear words. The means of linguistic and syntactic expression of an individual or any program regulates to the overt grammatical subject that is used to define the swear word (Cosenza, 2015). Often the program happens to include irrational of the swear words which can be improved and the usage can be used for entertaining the purpose through sarcastic annotations and developing the witty criticism. One improvement is that it can be used as an effective tool for engaging the content on the said webpage on which it appears by attaching the chrome extension of Fuck the Shit Up. The program is structured on the outline of the usage of expletives, which is considered as an obscene speech patterns. The use of fuck and fucking is this program does not follow any specific patter, but owing to the receptive power of the user, the use in some pages which is related to any ethnic race, culture, religion, or issue of historical significance is not appropriate at is hurt the sentiments of the concerned. The reflexive use of the swear words in not integrated with the emotional intelligence of the speaker. In fact, the use of swear words is more about drawing on the user and the course of the manipulation it attains on while expressing in their own course of action (Cosenza, 2014). The purpose of swearing and the emphasis that has been generated due to the patterns of slang words have been followed by the web program application. It is more of a comic relief depending on the proximity of the expletive. In conventional cases the position of swear words are mostly on word boundaries and the nature is not varied but the extension makes it more feasible for applying it on a range of approach that has been distributed on terms of the aspect and the purpose of using the expletive (Goddard, 2015). Reference Chen, J., Hsieh, G., Mahmud, J. U., Nichols, J. (2014, February). Understanding individuals' personal values from social media word use. InProceedings of the 17th ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work social computing(pp. 405-414). ACM. Cosenza, G. (2014). Grillos communication style: from swear words to body language.Contemporary Italian Politics,6(1), 89-101. Dewaele, J. M. (2016). Thirty shades of offensiveness: L1 and LX English users understanding, perception and self-reported use of negative emotion-laden words.Journal of Pragmatics,94, 112-127. Goddard, C. (2015). Swear words and curse words in Australian (and American) English. At the crossroads of pragmatics, semantics and sociolinguistics.Intercultural Pragmatics,12(2), 189-218.

Working With Internet Protocols

Question 1: Snort Rules This question presents a fictitious security vulnerability in a range of lasers printers. The question requires that you develop SNORT IDS rules to detect exploits of this fictitious vulnerability. All information regarding this vulnerability is fabricated to give the illusion of a real security threat. As a result, searches on the Internet will not yield any information regarding the signature of this vulnerability. All the information required to detect exploits for this vulnerability are presented in this question, except where noted otherwise. You are a security specialist working for XYZ Incorporated. XYZ use SNORT as their NIDS which protects both their IP sub-networks being 192.168.1.0/24 and 192.168.2.0/24. A security vulnerability has been detected in the Humphrey Pollard Laserprint 12050 printer model. This vulnerability is remotely exploitable and allows the execution of arbitrary code. There is a bug in the way the printer processes the postscript spool management header. A sample of a spool header is given below: %!PS-Adobe-3.0 %%Creator: texttops/CUPS v1.2.2%%CreationDate: Thu 21 Sep 2006 11:49:57 AM EST%%Title: TODO %%For: username %%DocumentNeededResources: font Courier-Bold The printers code which parses these headers only allows 8 bytes for the %%For field value buffer in memory. In the example above, the field value is username. It is possible to overflow the buffer by providing a value to the %%For field that is greater than 8 bytes. The %%For field can be found anywhere in the packet. An exploit has been released in the form of a worm which when infecting the Laser printers memory, tricks the laser printer into emailing all documents received for printing to an email account in Russia. The worm propagates by scanning networks in proximity of its own for other vulnerable printers. On finding vulnerable machines, it copies itself to them and the cycle continues. It also propagates via email as a PDF attachment. The malicious code is embedded in the PDF file. The email message suggests that the attached document contains a joke and requires printing to a laser printer to view. When the user prints the PDF, its payload is sent to the printer either directly, or via a printer spooling server. Effectively, this means the worm can attack printers from any host on the network. If a printer is found to be compromised, power-cycling (turning off and then on) the printer will erase the worm from the printers volatile memory. However, this does not prevent the printer from being re-infected. You are required to write 2 SNORT IDS rules labelled (ONE) and (TWO) to manage this vulnerability until patches are applied and printers reset. Rule (ONE) must detect attempts to exploit this vulnerability on any printer in the company network. The rule should scan for attempts from any host on the network to any host on the network. It should also scan only for connections to the Jetdirect printing TCP/IP port number, used by this range of printers. You may need to research Jetdirect to identify which port number it uses for printing and what transport protocol. Google is a good place to start. The signature of the exploit is given as follows: %%For: username The value username can be any sequence of characters, but must be exactly 8 characters long. For example, username could be abcdefgh. Note also there is a space between the colon and username. Immediately following the 8 characters for the username is the payload of the exploit, which is given below as decimal byte values: 124 185 30 135 99 214 51 29 Your rule should match the entire sequence as described above starting from %%For: through to the last decimal byte of the exploit payload 29. On detecting packets, your rule should generate an alert with a message stating: Attempt to exploit laser printer vulnerability. Rule (TWO) must detect attempts by the malicious payload running on any infected printers to email documents to the Internet. You have 6 printers on your network that are vulnerable to this attack. Their IP addresses are: 192.168.1.45 192.168.1.40 192.168.2.15 192.168.2.30 192.168.2.31 192.168.2.40 Your email rule must apply only to the vulnerable printers on the network. In other words, your rule should detect attempts to email the hacker from only the above printers, and no other hosts. This model of laser printer also provides scanning and faxing capabilities. When the scanning function is used, the unit will email the scanned document to an Internet email address given by the user when scanning. As a result, it is normal behaviour for these printers to send emails via SMTP. Therefore, it is necessary to check the recipient email address of the document. The rule should detect attempts to email users outside of the organisation, as no document should be emailed outside the company from a printer. The organisations domain name is: xyzcorp.com.au. So any emails sent to an address of form: user@xyzcorp.com.au should not be detected as these addresses are for company employees. Any other email addresses without the exact domain name above should be detected. Any mail server could be used to deliver the email. On detecting an email from one of these printers to an address outside the organisation, your rule should generate an alert with the message: Compromised printer attempting to email document outside organisation For both rules, be sure to complete the following: Allocate an appropriate SID value and a revision number Designate an appropriate class type for this attack. Annotate your rules with comments describing what each component of the rule does, so other security specialists in your team can see how your rules are written. Comments can be introduced to your rules file snort.conf by preceding each line with a hash character #. Anything after the hash character to the end of the line will be treated as a comment by SNORT and ignored by the rule parsing code. This is how you should comment your rules. An example of how to present your rules in your assignment document is shown below: # Your explanation of the below in italics var HOME_NET 138.77.23.0/16 var EXTERNAL_NET !138.77.23.0/16 # Your explanation of the below drop udp $EXTERNAL_NET any - $HOME_NET 993 #Your explanation of the below, and so on... ... An example explanation for a SNORT rule option: # The content of the packet must contain the string USER root to be matched. # Furthermore, the offset option specifies that the string USER root should be # matched exactly 10 bytes from the beginning of the packet. In other words, it will # only match packets where 10 bytes from the start of the payload, the string # USER root is specified. content: USER root; offset:10; 2: Kerberos Authentication Protocol A. Give your general description of the Kerberos authentication protocol B. Explain the term: Authenticator used in the Kerberos authentication protocol C. In the Kerberos authentication protocol, there are 3 basic roles: client, server and Key Distribution Centre (KDC). Give your description of each of them. D. By explaining the term: Session Ticket, describe how a session key is created by KDC, distributed to the client and the server E. Describe the mutual authentication procedure between the client and the server after the client obtains the session ticket. 3: Wireless Protocols A. Describe 802.1x authentication and the steps that when a wireless client connects to a network using RADIUS server for authentication. B. Explain the PEAP protocol how does it differ from EAP and what EAP deficiency does it address? C. What makes a brute-force attack both particularly difficult and potentially easy on a wireless network using AES/CCMP encryption and 802.1x authentication Hint: What do you need to know in order to attempt the attack? D. Assume an office wireless network was only configured with AES/CCMP encryption (i.e. no additional authentication standards). What problems would this cause? E. Assume an office wireless network was only configured with 802.1x authentication (i.e. no additional encryption). What problems would this cause? Answer: 1:Snort Rules Rule -1 Define the Class type include classification.config Indicate a variable which contains a list of IP addresses representing all vulnerable printers subject to an attack. var variable_name (Specify all ip addresses of printer) alert tcp any any - any (ephimaral port i.e. printer port) msg: write the message you want to display ; alert tcp any any - any any (content:"%%For: "; content:"| 124 185 30 135 99 214 51 29 |"; distance:8;msg: " ALERT printer exploit exposed") Rule-2 It have to discover endeavors by the vindictive payload running on any tainted printer to email archives to clients outside the organization this standard ought to recognize bundles sent to any SMTP server on TCP port 25 from just given 6 powerless printers in the system caution tcp $variable_name any - any 25 msg:""; At that point include one more control: for The association's space name is: xyzcorp.com.au. So any emails sent to a location of structure: user@xyzcorp.com.au ought not be recognized as these addresses are for organization representatives. Whatever other email addresses without the careful space name above ought to be caught. Any mail server could be utilized to convey the email. On locating an email from one of these printers to a location outside the association, your tenet ought to produce an alarm with the message: "Traded off printer endeavoring to email report outside association" alert tcp $EXTERNAL_NET any - $SMTP_SERVERS 25 (msg:" Traded off printer endeavoring to email report outside association "; flow:to_server,established; content:USER root; offset:10; nocase; isdataat:300,relative; pcre:"/^RCPT TOx3as[^n]{300}/ism"; reference:bugtraq,2283; reference:bugtraq,9696; reference:cve,2001-0260; classtype:attempted-admin; sid:654; rev:14;) 2.Kerberos Authentication Protocol (A).A full-benefit Kerberos environment, comprising of a Kerberos server, various customers and various application servers, obliges that the Kerberos server must have the client ID (UID) and hashed passwords of all taking an interest clients in its database. All clients are enrolled with the Kerberos server. Such an environment is alluded as a domain. Besides, the Kerberos server must impart a mystery key to every server and each server is enlisted with the Kerberos server. A basic verification method must include three steps: The customer C demands the client password and afterward make an impression on the AS of the Kerberos framework that incorporates the client's ID, the server's ID and the client's password. The AS check its database to check whether the client has supplied the best possible password for this client ID and whether this client is allowed access to the server V. In the event that both tests are passed, the AS acknowledge the client as legitimate and must now persuade the server that this client is real. Along these lines the AS makes and sends once again to C a ticket that contains the client's ID and network address and the server's ID. At that point it is encoded with the mystery key imparted by the AS and the server V. C can now apply to V for the administration. It makes an impression on V containing C's ID and the ticket. V unscrambles the ticket and checks that the client ID in the ticket is the same of the particular case that accompanied the ticket. In the event that these two match, the server allows the asked for administration to the customer. (B).The Third segment (C as explained above) that matches the information communicated from the client and server and if it is proved to be correct or the information communicated is same from both the sides it lets the client to be authenticated and correct. (C).Client: Client is the computer on the network that has to have resources from the server, in order to do so the computer needs to communicate with the Key Distributor to obtain the key request so that it could be authenticated from the user. Server: The server is any server on the network and it generally have no special security features installed it gives out permissions based on the Kerberos level authentication. Key Distributor: The presentation of a plan for dodging plaintext passwords and another server, known as the Ticket-Granting Server (TGS). The new administration issues tickets to clients who have been verified to AS. Each one time the client oblige access to another administration, the customer applies to the TGS utilizing the ticket supplied by the AS to confirm itself. The TGS then concedes a ticket to the specific administration and the customer spares this ticket for future utilization. (D).As opposed to sending the encrypted session keys to both of the principals, the KDC sends both the customer's and the server's duplicates of the session key to the customer. The customer's duplicate of the session key is encrypted with the customer's master key and in this manner can't be decoded by whatever other substance. The server's duplicate of the session key is implanted, alongside approval information about the customer, in an information structure called a ticket. The ticket is altogether encrypted with the server's master key and thusly can't be perused or changed by the customer or some other element that does not have entry to the server's master key. It is the obligation of the customer to store the ticket securely until contact with the server. (E).At the point when the customer gets the KDC's reaction, it extricates the ticket and its own particular duplicate of the session key, putting both aside in a protected reserve. To make a safe session with the server, it sends the server a message comprising of the ticket, still encrypted with the server's master key, and an authenticator message encrypted with the session key. Together, the ticket and authenticator message are the customer's accreditations to the server. At the point when the server gets certifications from a customer, it unscrambles the ticket with its master key, removes the session key, and uses the session key to unscramble the customer's authenticator message. On the off chance that everything looks at, the server realizes that the customer's accreditations were issued by the KDC, a trusted power. For shared verification, the server reacts by encoding the time stamp from the customer's authenticator message utilizing the session key. This encrypted message is sent to the customer. The customer then decodes the message. In the event that the returned message is the same as the time stamp in the first authenticator message, the server is verified. 3.Wireless Protocols (A).A typical network get to, three-part building design emphasizes a supplicant, access gadget (switch, access point) and verification server (RADIUS). This building design influences the decentralized access gadgets to give versatile, however computationally lavish, encryption to numerous supplicants while in the meantime centralizing the control of access to a couple of validation servers. This last peculiarity makes 802.1x validation sensible in extensive establishments. At the point when EAP is run over a LAN, EAP bundles are encapsulated by EAP over LAN (EAPOL) messages. The arrangement of EAPOL parcels is characterized in the 802.1x determination. EAPOL correspondence happens between the end-client station (supplicant) and the remote access point (authenticator). The RADIUS convention is utilized for correspondence between the authenticator and the RADIUS server. The verification procedure starts when the end client endeavors to unite with the WLAN. The authenticator gets the solicitation and makes a virtual port with the supplicant. The authenticator goes about as an intermediary for the end client passing validation data to and from the verification server for its sake. As far as possible movement to confirmation information to the server. A transaction happens, which incorporates: the customer may send an EAP-begin message. the access point sends an EAP-demand character message. the customer's EAP-reaction parcel with the customer's personality is "proxied" to the verification server by the authenticator. the confirmation server challenges the customer to substantiate themselves and may send its certifications to substantiate itself to the customer (if utilizing shared verification). the customer checks the server's accreditations (if utilizing common confirmation) and after that sends its qualifications to the server to substantiate itself. the validation server acknowledges or rejects the customer's appeal for association. if the end client was acknowledged, the authenticator changes the virtual port with the end client to an approved state permitting full network access to that end client. at log-off, the customer virtual port is changed over to the u (B).PEAP (Protected Extensible Authentication Protocol) is a variant of EAP, the validation convention utilized as a part of remote networks and Point-to-Point associations. PEAP is intended to give more secure confirmation to 802.11 Wlans (remote neighborhood) that help 802.1x port access control. PEAP verifies the server with an open key testament and conveys the validation in a safe Transport Layer Security (TLS) session, over which the WLAN client, WLAN stations and the confirmation server can verify themselves. Each one station gets an individual encryption key. At the point when utilized as a part of conjunction with Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP), each one key has a limited lifetime. Cisco Systems, Microsoft and RSA Security are advancing PEAP as an Internet standard. Presently in draft status, the convention is picking up help and is relied upon to remove Cisco's exclusive Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol (LEAP). PEAP addresses the weaknesses of 802.11 security, imparted key validation being boss among these. Shortcomings in 802.11 Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) permit an aggressor to catch encrypted casings and dissect them to focus the encryption key. (In this framework, the same imparted key is utilized for both confirmation and encryption.) With the imparted key, the aggressor can decode edges or stance as a honest to goodness client. PEAP is comparative in outline to EAP-TTLS, obliging just a server-side PKI testament to make a protected TLS shaft to secure client verification, and uses server-side open key authentications to validate the server. It then makes an encrypted TLS burrow between the customer and the confirmation server. In many arrangements, the keys for this encryption are transported utilizing the server's open key. The resulting trade of verification data inside the passage to confirm the customer is then encrypted and client accreditations are protected from listening stealthily. (C).AES remains for "Cutting edge Encryption Standard." This was a more secure encryption convention presented with Wpa2, which supplanted the interval WPA standard. AES isn't some creaky standard created particularly for Wi-Fi networks; its a genuine overall encryption standard that is even been received by the US government. Case in point, when you scramble a hard drive with Truecrypt, it can utilize AES encryption for that. AES is for the most part considered very secure, and the fundamental shortcomings would be savage energy assaults (forestalled by utilizing a solid passphrase) and security shortcomings in different parts of Wpa2. The undertaking mode is still defenseless to assaults. One way a Wi-Fi programmer could conceivably join with your undertaking secured remote network is by breaking the client passwords by means of animal energy lexicon assaults. Despite the fact that not as straightforward as breaking WPA/Wpa2 Psks, its still conceivable with the privilege devices. They'd need to set up a fake network, a right to gain entrance point matching the SSID and security settings of the genuine network with expectations of getting clueless clients of the genuine network to interface keeping in mind the end goal to catch their login accreditations. The assailant could sit tight for customers to join or attempt to constrain it by sending de-confirmation parcels and/or utilizing speakers and reception apparatuses to help the fake sign. The aggressor would likewise need to set up a fake RADIUS server to catch these client login accreditations. They could utilize the prevalent open source Freeradius server with the Freeradius-WPE patch. This patch changes a portion of the settings so the server will acknowledge and dependably react with a fruitful validation (regardless of the password) for all the diverse EAP sorts and after that logs the verification demands. Inside the logs, an aggressor can typically see the username the customer is utilizing to unite with the genuine network. They wouldn't see the client's password however would have the test and reaction that they could gone through a word reference based saltine to uncover the password. (D).Wpa2 Personal (AES) is right now the strongest manifestation of security offered by Wi-Fi items, and is suggested for all employments. At the point when empowering Wpa2, make sure to choose a solid password, one that can't be speculated by outsiders. On the off chance that you have more established Wi-Fi gadgets on your network that don't help Wpa2 Personal (AES), a great second decision is WPA/Wpa2 Mode (regularly alluded to as WPA Mixed Mode). This mode will permit more current gadgets to utilize the stronger Wpa2 AES encryption, while as yet permitting more established gadgets to unite with more established WPA TKIP-level encryption. In the event that your Wi-Fi switch doesn't help WPA/Wpa2 Mode, WPA Personal (TKIP) mode is the following best decision. (E)."Malignant affiliations" are when remote gadgets can be effectively made by assailants to unite with an organization network through their portable computer rather than an organization access point (AP). These sorts of laptops are known as "delicate Aps" and are made when a digital criminal runs some product that makes his/her remote network card resemble an authentic access point. Once the hoodlum has gotten access, he/she can take passwords, dispatch assaults on the wired network, or plant trojans. Since remote networks work at the Layer 2 level, Layer 3 insurances, for example, network verification and virtual private networks (Vpns) offer no boundary. Remote 802.1x validations do help with some assurance however are still helpless against hacking. The thought behind this sort of assault may not be to break into a VPN or other efforts to establish safety. Undoubtedly the criminal is simply attempting to assume control over the customer at the Layer 2 level.