Intervention to Increase Exercise Levels of Diabetes Patient

Intercession to Increase Exercise Levels of Diabetes Patient An intercession to build the support levels of Physical Activity in patients determined to have Type II diabetes Foundation Physical action is an inexorably significant medical problem with physical idleness being related with numerous interminable infections. Physical dormancy has been recognized as the fourth greatest hazard factor for mortality, representing 6% of passings universally [1]. In any case, in spite of solid proof on the side of the medical advantages of physical action, hardly any individuals really meet the suggested rule level [2]. In 2008, under 20% of grown-ups matured 65-74 met the suggested degree of physical action [3]. Diabetes is the fifth most basic reason for death on the planet [4] influencing around 250 million individuals around the world, a figure expected to increment to more than 336 million by 2030 [5]. Type II diabetes is boundless among 90% of diabetic patients, saw as increasingly basic in more established grown-ups [6]. Stoutness represents 80-85% of Type II diabetics, making it the most intense hazard factor [7]. Examination has demonstrated that ordinary physical action has positive advantages for Type II diabetes in that it improves body’s affectability to insulin and oversees blood glucose levels [8], just as improving an individual’s physical and mental prosperity. This Indicates physical movement is fundamental in both forestalling and rewarding Type II diabetes, just as forestalling further incessant wellbeing conditions. Writing Review Self-assurance hypothesis (SDT) [9] represents the procedures that encourage persuasive turn of events and how the social condition can upgrade or reduce self-inspiration. SDT is a mainstream social-intellectual hypothesis, which keeps up and has offered help for the suggestion that every person have central mental needs: skill, self-governance, and relatedness. Fulfillment of these fundamental mental needs (BPN) prompts natural or outward inspiration which impacts the degree of self-decided inspiration an individual has, though forestalling these necessities advances controlled inspiration or amotivation [10]. Inspirational meeting (MI) is an experimentally tried advising technique, saw as a helpful intercession system in the treatment of way of life issues and infection. The idea of MI developed from the experience of rewarding liquor abuse, first portrayed by Miller in 1983 [11]. Mill operator and Rollnick characterized MI as ‘a mandate, customer focused directing style for inspiring conduct change, by helping customers to investigate and resolve ambivalence’ [12]. MI is a specific method of helping customers perceive and take care of their current or likely issues. It is seen as being especially valuable for customers who are hesitant or reluctant about changing their conduct. A precise survey and meta-examination [13] of 72 randomized controlled preliminaries shows that MI in a logical setting beats customary counsel giving in the treatment of a scope of social issues and ailments. It likewise shows that MI had a critical impact in around three out of four investigations, with an equivalent impact on physiological (72%) and mental (75%) illnesses [13]. Huge scope contemplates are presently expected to demonstrate that it tends to be actualized into day by day clinical work in essential and optional human services. Exploration [14] has demonstrated MI to be a compelling mediation for weight reduction and improving glycaemic control. Patients with Type II diabetes were haphazardly distributed to a MI gathering, a Cognitive Behavioral Group Training (CBGT) or a benchmark group and tried when every mediation. The discoveries of this investigation demonstrated that in MI and CBGT, mean Body Mass Index (BMI) was fundamentally lower than the benchmark group, showing MI and CBGT is a valuable mediation in helping grown-ups with type II diabetes get more fit [14]. MI has been scrutinized for without a sound hypothetical system for understanding its procedure and viability. It is accepted that SDT can offer such a system [15]. MI and SDT depend on the presumption that people have a natural inclination for self-awareness toward mental reconciliation, and that MI gives the socialâ€environmental encouraging components recommended by SDT to advance this propensity [15]. Point To assess the adequacy of utilizing inspirational talking to build the degree of physical action of more established grown-ups determined to have type II diabetes, through fulfilling their essential mental needs. Plan A randomized control preliminary plan will be utilized, to build up a circumstances and logical results connection between the intercession †MI, and the result †increment in physical action. A benchmark group will be utilized to think about against the mediation gathering, permitting the specialist to check whether MI specifically affects the proposed conduct change (increment in physical movement). It additionally permits any potential ‘other factors’, away from the consideration of the intercession which may add to an expansion in physical movement to be distinguished. The members, to forestall determination inclination, will be haphazardly apportioned to a gathering utilizing a PC. Test Members should be delegated truly idle (take part in under 30 minutes of moderate-force work out, 3 times each week), determined to have Type II diabetes and matured 65+. Members will be enrolled through letters conveyed by means of General Practitioners (GPs) to patients and through ads in wellbeing focuses and specialists medical procedures. Albeit as of now named truly idle the member must be eager to take part in physical movement, and accordingly should increase clinical freedom, from their GP, to partake in the examination. The enlistment of members will be done all through England so as to increase a huge, solid example which can be summed up to the more extensive populace. Intercession Mill operator and Rollnick [12] proposed that MI depends on the accompanying standards: express compassion, create inconsistency, stay away from argumentation, move with opposition, and bolster self-viability [12]. The procedures of MI are more influential than constrained, more steady than contentious, and the general objective is to build the client’s natural inspiration so change emerges from inside [15]. The expert should intend to create a social situation fulfilling members BPN, which ought to elevate their inspiration to take an interest in physical movement. The structure gave by the professional, for example, helping the customer create proper objectives and giving positive input, focuses on the mental requirement for fitness. The arrangement of self-sufficiency support by utilizing customer focused methodologies like moving with opposition, investigating choices, and letting the customer decide, all help the requirement for self-sufficiency. The association of the cu stomer by the expert as far as communicating sympathy, exhibiting a comprehension and staying away from analysis bolster the requirement for relatedness [16]. To improve the probability of physical action members can picked whether their MI meetings are at their neighborhood relaxation focus or medical clinic, or by means of calls. The mediation program will keep going for 18months. In the initial three months the members will get week after week meetings, at that point from month three to six they will have fortnightly meetings, and for the last 12months they will get one meeting for every month. A subsequent report will likewise be finished 24months after the intercession began. It is significant that experts give the members information, direction and backing to empower them to decide. The benchmark group will have social calls and gatherings like the intercession gathering yet no MI in the meetings they will simply be urged to keep up their present physical action level. Appraisal The result of the mediation will be estimated at stretches: gauge, 3 months, a half year, a year and year and a half. A subsequent report will likewise be finished 24months after the mediation began. The examination will receive three measures. The first is a general survey measure to get segment data, for example, participants’ age, sex and current physical movement levels. The subsequent measure is the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) [17]. PASE is a legitimate, brief and simple scored study structured explicitly to survey physical action in epidemiologic investigations of people age 65 years and more seasoned [17].The last measure utilized will be the Basic Need Satisfaction Scale [18]. This will evaluate the degree to which the member felt their expert was fulfilling their BPN. Every one of these measures have been seen as legitimate and solid. Similar estimates will be utilized at every stretch to survey changes/upgrades, just as being utilized in the follow up to check whether their conduct change has been supported. Confinements There are a couple of confinements to consider. Right off the bat, the examination plans to select a huge example of members for a significant stretch of time; it will be difficult for the scientist to save all the members for the span, bringing about a high dropout rate, making the outcome temperamental and un-generalizable. Also, the intercession requires time, particularly toward the beginning when the member is required to go to week by week gatherings. On the off chance that the participant(s) has an absence of time then they won't have the option to go to week by week gatherings just as finishing the physical action. In term of the mediation utilized, MI depends on the possibility that a customer must be eager to work with an expert to change practices, a customer trying to claim ignorance will be unaffected by MI questions and guidance. Additionally, outside impacts possibly more grounded, implying that in a clinical setting the member is roused to change yet when they get back they may return back to unique conduct.

The Mise

Research Paper on Terrorism and Technology Essay Example

Research Paper on Terrorism and Technology Essay Fear based oppression and Technology Research Paper Presentation These days the issue of dread assaults is one of the most significant issues that numerous nations of the world need to explain. In addition, this issue progressively obtains a worldwide character since progressively bigger number of nations is associated with the worldwide war on fear. Therefore, the contemporary world face a genuine danger of a worldwide fear war that sabotages security and typical existence of the entire worldwide network. This potential danger turned out to be especially evident after unfortunate occasions of September 11 when the US, being the main superpower on the planet, went to be not able to forestall the most horrendous fear assault in its history. Increasingly more regularly dread assaults produce a bigger effect on the general public of distinct nations where they happen just as on the world network. This is the reason it is very regular that basically all circles of human life are influenced by fear assaults and hostile to dread measures. In such a circumstance the advancement of effective enemy of fear advances is critical and, tragically a great deal of nations need to build up this innovation. Peruse progressively about compose my exposition help on fear based oppression points from specialists! Thus, financial life is getting the chance to be progressively increasingly centered around hostile to dread advancements and, in this regard, business assume a critical job since frequently it is significantly influenced by fear assaults and against fear tasks, as it used to be with airplane, visitor and numerous different ventures worldwide after 9/11, and business, readily or not, is getting the opportunity to be engaged with against fear battle and needs to execute new enemy of fear innovations. We will compose a custom article test on Research Paper on Terrorism and Technology explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Research Paper on Terrorism and Technology explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Research Paper on Terrorism and Technology explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer The issue of fear mongering in the contemporary world and its effect on society Regardless of the reality of the issue of psychological oppression its underlying foundations might be found in the furthest past of socio-political and practical advancement of the world and human culture however in the 21st century it secures worldwide highlights. Tragically, globalization weakens the general circumstance in relations among rich and poor in light of the fact that in any case every single positive pattern that this procedure may provide for the world economy however a few experts characterizes its general impact as the disintegration of the situation of poor nations and improvement and thriving of rich nations. Therefore, poor nations become more unfortunate and rich become more extravagant thus the resistance between them development and normally it induces an extraordinary strain between two polar pieces of the world yet in the event that in the past the nations which felt being denied could legitimately contradict their oppressors in an open war strife now they c an't generally neutralize to all the more impressive and rich nations that makes them to search for various approaches to accomplish their objectives and improve their situation on the planet. Clearly, this is one of the primary driver of fear war. When all is said in done, psychological oppression might be characterized as a foundational utilization of viciousness, customarily by some unlawful associations, gatherings, or even a few people that focus on the production of a general atmosphere of dread among the populace which should turn out to be increasingly loyal to the requests of fear mongers. Normally psychological militants attempt to accomplish a clear political objective and for the good of its they are prepared to execute other guiltless individuals as well as even themselves. In any case, it would be a mix-up to believe that lone psychological oppressor gatherings or association bolster fear based oppression. Our history, especially the historical backdrop of the twentieth century can give us a great deal of models when legislatures of various nations give the approach of dread. For example, Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union during the Stalin’s, essentially oppressive, authoritarian system were very murderous and utilized dread even against the number of inhabitants in their own nations. In any case, psychological oppression has truly become a worldwide issue toward the finish of the twentieth toward the start of the 21st hundreds of years when sorted out fear assaults shaken the world and after which a few government officials had begun to talk about another world request. For example, fear assaults as September 11, when as Jessica Hamblen says â€Å"the country was everlastingly changed†(2001: 42) just as the entire world and the worldwide society. Since the fundamental driver of psychological warfare is the polarization of the world and the division of nations in poor and rich it is an extremely worldwide issue that includes numerous nations. It is significant that the fundamental wellspring of ‘human material’ for psychological militant acts are poor Asian nations, for example, Afghanistan, Sri-Lanka, or Pakistan, various African nations, a few nations of Latin America and others. For example, one of the most famous psychological oppressor association Jemaah Islamiah enroll poor Indonesian on the grounds that the nation is overpowered by feebleness of standard individuals, treachery and destitution. Thus â€Å"for numerous poor Indonesian children†¦ the main chance to figure out how to peruse and compose is found inside the system of Muslim schools financed by Saudi Arabian associations lecturing a narrow minded type of Islam† (Kortunov 1994:235). When all is said in done, among the reasons for fear based oppression might be named: an) on the authoritative level the hole between all around created nations and nations of the third world, the results of the virus war; b) on the individual level, singular idiosyncrasies of character, brain research, social and monetary states of life of people. Talking about the impact of fear acts, it is important to underline from the earliest starting point that they impacts people as well as numerous nations and the worldwide network on the loose. Various investigations have demonstrated that â€Å"deliberate viciousness makes longer enduring emotional wellness impacts than cataclysmic events or accidents† (Hamblen 2001:82). Results of dread assaults may keep going for a significant long time and as it has just been referenced they influence the two people and network. Individuals, especially endure casualties, their family members or just observers of a disaster might be overpowered by various emotions yet such sentiments as outrage, a craving for retribution, disappointment, defenselessness, dread are normally the most grounded. They may likewise be decayed by the sentiment of foul play that individuals may think have been done to them. As a matter of fact, this sentiment of foul play may bring about all others referenced previ ously. It is qualified to take note of that the examination have uncovered the way that â€Å"acting on this annoyance and want for retribution can increment as opposed to diminish sentiments of outrage, blame and distress† (Hamblen 2001:89). For example, after September 11 the pace of mental and psychological wellness issues significantly expanded. In this manner, a mental aftereffect of any dread assault is stun, developing pressure, loss of trust in the security of life, dread and a solid sentiment of unfairness. Notwithstanding, it was by all account not the only outcome of this fear assault. As Smith and some others analysts gauge â€Å"over a year after the bombarding, Oklahomans detailed expanded paces of liquor use, smoking, stress, and PTSD manifestations when contrasted with residents of another metropolitan city† (1999:194). Along these lines, we may state that the fear assault had mental as well as social and financial impact on the grounds that mental issues cause issues of relational relations, it impacts the working capacities of individuals. Concerning liquor use and smoking it disintegrates mental and physical wellbeing that is normally brings about issues inside families and on the working spot, besides the danger of standoffish conduct of individuals who smoke or use liquor turns out to be very genuine. Additionally, underline that the results of dread assaults are extremely worldwide on account of the advancement of media and combination of numerous nations there is fo r all intents and purposes no room where such fear assaults as September 11 stayed unnoticed and without its negative impacts. In addition, the US isn't the main nation that experienced fear based oppressors. For all intents and purposes, similar results we may see in Indonesia after the besieging of Jakarta’s Marriott Hotel, or late fear acts in Madrid that are regularly contrasted with September 11 in the US, and the rundown might be proceeded. It is likewise qualified to take note of that fear assault produce a genuine negative financial impact. For example the September 11 fear assaults caused a significant downturn of American economy everywhere and a genuine emergency in certain enterprises specifically. To put it all the more exactly, airplane industry and travel industry were in a significant emergency on account of an all out dread of clients to utilize carriers just as due to expanded standards of security which constrained drastically close to home rights and opportunity and made various burdens for travelers that generally utilized aircrafts. Concerning the later models, London Underground shelling additionally incited alarm among the nearby populace and for a specific period for all intents and purposes incapacitated crafted by the underground railroad stations and, subsequently, influenced crafted by various organizations working in London whose work relied upon a customarily typical working of the cylinder. Current proportions of avoidance of fear assaults Normally, the states which were presented to the danger of dread assaults couldn't stay latent and needed to embrace effective proportions of avoidance of further fear assaults and give potentially more significant level of security of common populace. Now it is qualified to take note of that various states have diverse experien

Arabic students overseas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Arabic understudies abroad - Essay Example In reality, the previously mentioned nations have become the blend of societies due to the way of life they offer which a great many people want to have. For understudies, concentrating in one of these nations would mean better openings for work either in their preferred nation or their own nation. All things considered, alongside the fantasy about seeking after one’s instruction in America or the United Kingdom are the difficulties which could be really troublesome particularly for Arabian understudies. The issues of conveying in English, having various composed assignments, meeting new individuals, social contrasts, food inclinations and achiness to go home are basic among worldwide understudies yet there are arrangements that might assist understudies with coping with their new surroundings. The primary test that Arabian understudies face is correspondence obstruction. Since English isn't their local language, syntax botches, word use and sentence developments which may come so natural with American and British understudies can end up being a troublesome activity for an Arabian understudy. Attempting to communicate in the English language generally makes understudies embarrassed or hesitant to shout out their musings. In school, they may experience issues clarifying what they have at the top of the priority list. During recitations, they may have brilliant thoughts yet their absence of English relational abilities makes them unfathomable and now and again, they can be confused. Likewise, they can likewise think that its difficult to move toward school specialists with respect to their interests since they may expect that their issues won't be settled and that they will be presented to mortifying conditions. In speaking with their kindred understudies, the Arabian underst udies may feel scared and in this manner decide to mind their own business rather and attempt to comprehend their exercises or different things all alone. Nonetheless, obviously, this frequently results to misconception and further issues. Beside having issues being comprehended, there is additionally the issue of

Life speech

Live to its fullest l' m glad to Join with you today, base on something that all people ought to do each day, each second, each moment, consistently and each breath. Life is an inestimable item that god gave us. Life involves decisions. Life is a beginning and a conclusion to our predetermination. Consistently, from Stone Age and now, people now and then pick wretchedness over delight which is right yet additionally not right. It' s the choice of every one of us, any place we need to squander valuable open doors that Life give us. People, Like me and you, ought to appreciate life to the fullest.We ought to maintain a strategic distance from the chains of hopelessness and wretchedness. We should leave the home that we used to fear leaving. We should discharge the pen that kept our bliss and Joy and break It until It s dust that we are remaining on. We should pass on joyfully and fulfilled, when we satisfy the existence we need. Everything was intended to be there, intended to be done, intended to assume a job In something. We are the shopping center character of our life. We are the stars that sparkle In the light of our splendor. We are the ones that play the most Important and huge job in our life.We are the focal point of consideration of our life. We are intended to accomplish the objectives we set. It would be lethal on the off chance that we clamor t appreciate life. In any case, we need to stay away from it. Issues and slip-ups are not the things that turn out badly but rather we are. We ought to defeat what we think, what we feel and what we did. We would t be able to remain an amazing remainder sitting in the seat of damnation holding up until the day our spirit buoy to the sky. We have to act now, it dosages ‘t matter what you have to do to finish your predetermination, it portions t matter what issues you have to explain on your way to your destiny.That is the thing that life is, where a test, a battle, an excursion, a riddle, an experience was to begin, survive, fathomed and finished. It's a labyrinth that you will meet magnificence, love, guarantee, catastrophe and distress. A labyrinth that we get spirits, guarantees, openings, melodies and blessings. Live to its fullest and wake up without laments. Have a chipper beginning in ordinary and consistently recall that another days begins from zero. Live to its fullest and offer it with others. Offer it with others, motivate them, or gain from them. Live to its fullest and complete the objectives you set.Every step checks, it resembles a step, one stage won't make you arrive at the top, however ten stages will. Live to its fullest and sing it as long as you need to. Life isn't just a story you're the primary character yet in addition the tune that sings and shows your inclination consistently. Live to its fullest and gain from an earlier time. It doesn't make a difference If today was an awful day for you, consider your mix-ups and gain from It, as an astute men state  "People gain from their slip-ups not from their recognition. † Live life to Its fullest and take each opportunity.Not consistently you will have a similar open door as today; it may occur In an additional 5 years or possibly never. Take It and wear t leave It, use It and wear ‘t squander an extraordinary chance to show your ability and aptitudes to other people. Appreciate every open door that life takes you to. Live to Its fullest and fortune each second. You wear ‘t need to overlook magnificent minutes, or sentimental second or extraordinary minutes with certain individuals you truly care. You have to cherish every one of the minutes you appreciate throughout everyday life and keep It In the most profound of your spirit. Each time you treasure a second, you will understand that living to its fullest is significant you without question. Life discourse Live to its fullest l' m glad to Join with you today, base on something that all people ought to do each day, each second, each moment, consistently and each breath. Life is a precious item that god gave us. Life involves decisions. Life is a beginning and a conclusion to our fate. Consistently, from Stone Age and now, people here and there pick hopelessness over pleasure which is right yet in addition not right. It' s the choice of every one of us, any place we need to squander valuable open doors that Life give us. People, Like me and you, ought to appreciate life to the fullest.We ought to maintain a strategic distance from the chains of hopelessness and wretchedness. We should leave the home that we used to fear leaving. We should discharge the enclosure that kept our satisfaction and Joy and break It until It s dust that we are remaining on. We should pass on cheerfully and fulfilled, when we satisfy the existence we need. Everything was intended to be there, intended to be done , intended to assume a job In something. We are the shopping center character of our life. We are the stars that sparkle In the light of our splendor. We are the ones that play the most Important and noteworthy job in our life.We are the focal point of consideration of our life. We are intended to accomplish the objectives we set. It would be deadly on the off chance that we noise t appreciate life. Be that as it may, we need to maintain a strategic distance from it. Issues and errors are not the things that turn out badly but rather we are. We ought to defeat what we think, what we feel and what we did. We would t be able to remain an amazing remainder sitting in the seat of damnation holding up until the day our spirit buoy to the sky. We have to act now, it dosages ‘t matter what you have to do to finish your fate, it portions t matter what issues you have to illuminate on your way to your destiny.That is the thing that life is, where a test, a battle, an excursion, a secre t, an experience was to begin, survive, settled and finished. It's a labyrinth that you will meet magnificence, love, guarantee, disaster and distress. A labyrinth that we get spirits, guarantees, openings, melodies and blessings. Live to its fullest and wake up without laments. Have a sprightly beginning in regular and consistently recollect that another days begins from zero. Live to its fullest and offer it with others. Offer it with others, motivate them, or gain from them. Live to its fullest and complete the objectives you set.Every step tallies, it resembles a step, one stage won't make you arrive at the top, however ten stages will. Live to its fullest and sing it as long as you need to. Life isn't just a story you're the principle character yet additionally the tune that sings and shows your inclination consistently. Live to its fullest and gain from an earlier time. It doesn't make a difference If today was a terrible day for you, consider your missteps and gain from It, a s an astute men state â€Å"People gain from their mix-ups not from their recognition. † Live life to Its fullest and take each opportunity.Not consistently you will have a similar open door as today; it may occur In an additional 5 years or possibly never. Take It and wear t leave It, use It and wear ‘t squander an incredible chance to show your ability and aptitudes to other people. Appreciate every open door that life takes you to. Live to Its fullest and fortune each second. You wear ‘t need to overlook brilliant minutes, or sentimental second or incredible minutes with certain individuals you truly care. You have to love every one of the minutes you appreciate throughout everyday life and keep It In the most profound of your spirit. Each time you treasure a second, you will understand that living to its fullest is significant you without question.

How to Choose a Topic For Your Capitalist Essay

How to Choose a Topic For Your Capitalist EssayCapitalism essay topics are common topics for students today. As with any other subject, this is a very broad subject that people are coming to know a lot about. When choosing a topic for your essay, it is best to make sure it will be of interest to your reader and is of sufficient length.If you choose a topic that is too long, it will not only be boring but also confusing as the essay will seem to drag on forever. Of course, if you choose a topic that is too short, you will find it difficult to deliver your message. Since so many topics have been covered in class, it can be difficult to choose a topic that will help the student.For example, consider the economic issues of our nation's economy. Capitalism essay topics would include the issues in the housing crisis, the economy as a whole, the American consumer, or perhaps how the economy is affected by events abroad. These are just a few of the possible topics for an essay on capitalism. The choice is entirely up to the student.Each country has its own set of economic issues that affect the economy as a whole. In Japan, the fact that most of their population lives in apartments and small homes is a huge issue. In the United States, students should consider the fact that students who live in dorms and college housing share a lot of common interests.Capitalism essay topics may vary from person to person. If you are planning to take this type of class, then you should spend time talking to your professor to find out which topics are good for the class. Of course, you can also use word of mouth to get an idea of what is being discussed in class. Another option is to do research and see what other students in the class have written about these issues.Once you have chosen the topic, you should determine what type of essay topics you will write on. It is best to write one essay on each topic. This is important because it gives your reader a sense of what your topic will c onsist of.Students are usually surprised when they read an essay on capitalism that contains actual facts from our present day student. Whether you are writing an essay on our national debt or about finding alternatives to conventional energy sources, it is a good idea to incorporate facts from the current day world into your essay. If you plan to write an essay on the political issues surrounding the economy of Israel, you should mention this fact.The best advice is to write as many essays on different topics as possible and choose topics that are of interest to you. If you are serious about taking college level classes, then you should try to find economics related topics. You should consider writing on a wide variety of topics as you continue to increase your knowledge of the subject.

Aids and Role of Youths to Create Awarness - Free Essay Example

AIDS AND ROLE OF YOUTHS TO CREATE AWARNESS ABOUT AIDS AMONG PEOPLE most commonly AIDS is called as silent killer, The main reason for AIDS (Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome) is HIV (Human Immuno Defiency virus). when this virus enters our body, immediately changes into RNA, and then spreads quickly. After that it starts to destroy the white blood corpuscles. Because of this our resistance towards diseases gets decreased. actually thr is an difference between aids and hiv.. that is, the final stage of the hiv virus is called aids,at this stage the human body cannot withstand even an ordinary cold. In the year 1996 according to the survey, about 5000 persons per day were affected by AIDS in the whole world. In 1996, it was also discovered that the virus can be controlled to a certain extent. The survey in 2002, says that about 3. 97 millions of people are suffering from this disease in India. many thinks that the virus spreads when we shake hands or eat together or kiss the affec ted persons or even use their clothes or even through musquito bites.. but 100% it is not possible.. becoz it is not an communicable disease. it can be transmitted only by the following modes: 1. Unprotected hetero contact. 2. Injection which is used without sterlising after using for HIV/aIDS affected person. 3. when we use the Blood of HIV affected person. 4. From the pregnant lady who is affected of AIDS to the child or through milk feeding. and the Symptoms may be: 1. Loss of 10% or more body weight 2. Fever of unknown origin 3. Pneumonia, brain tumours, unremitting diarrhea, swelling of lymph glands. then i ll speak about the Role of youth in HIV/AIDS awareness and prevention: Todays youth is going to build tomorrows future. we build the nation and we together build the world. Each one has their own responsibility in building a healthy world. Because of the scientific inventions many diseases are eradicated many can be cured but still there are certain exceptions like HIV virus which threatens the whole world. If every one follows a small concept A,B,C,D,E then we would easily eradicate the killer virus.. ie: A-Awareness among the family youth should create awareness about HIV in their family, because when the family realizes the importance of eradication of HIV, then the society will realize and then the nation will realize and finally all together the world will realize the importance of eradicating this virus. People of the whole world will be aware and take preventive measures. B-Being Self controled youth should understand their problems clearly. They should have self control and they should be motivated to concentrate on good aspects of life. They should have awareness about the preventive measures of HIV. C-Conducting competition and exhibition Youth should take the responsibility in conducting various types of competition and exhibitions in various schools, colleges regarding the awareness and prevention of HIV. D-DRAMA Students of the co llege must be encouraged by their teachers and they should e taken to the rural areas, schools other educational institutions, offices etc. to conduct street plays to bring about the awareness among the people and the people should be thought clearly the preventive methods, symptoms, methods of testing the HIV virus and also the facilities provided by the government to the HIV affected. People must be given awareness in their vernacular language. E-Extending their support to the HIV affected person Youth have to discharge their responsibility of meeting the HIV affected peoples and giving them self-confidence and also encourage them to engage in some activities in which they are interested. I finally conclude that : HIV affected peoples can live to the maximum of 10 to 15 years. This period can be extended if they live happily. Only way to make them happy is to treat them as normal persons. india is in 42nd place in developing country 56th place in HDI but 2nd place in AIDS in t he world. this situation can be changed only by the younths,becoz todays youths is tommrows future. finally i thank the management for giving me a youthful chance for creating an awarness among the students. Thanks a lot

Brief Overview of The Freedmens Bureau

The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, also known as the Freedmen’s Bureau was established in 1865 to assist newly freed African-Americans and displaced whites following the Civil War. The Freedmen’s Bureau provided freed African-Americans and whites with shelter, food, employment assistance, and education. The Freedmen’s Bureau is considered the first federal agency devoted to the social welfare of Americans.   Why was the Freedmen's Bureau Established? In February of 1862, abolitionist and journalist George William Curtis wrote to the Treasury Department suggesting that a federal agency be established to help formerly enslaved people. The following month, Curtis published an editorial advocating for such an agency. As a result, abolitionists such as Francis Shaw began lobbying for such an agency. Both Shaw and Curtis assisted Senator Charles Sumner draft the Freedmen’s Bill—one of the first steps to establishing the Freedmen’s Bureau. Following the Civil War, the South was devastated--farms, railroads, and roads had all been destroyed, and there were an estimated four million African-Americans who had been freed yet had no food or shelter. Many were also illiterate and wanted to attend school.   Congress established the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands. This agency was also known as the Freedmen’s Bureau in March 1865. Created as a temporary agency, the Freedmen’s Bureau was part of the War Department, which was headed by General Oliver Otis Howard. Providing assistance to both African-Americans and whites who were displaced following the Civil War, the Freedmen’s Bureau offered shelter, basic medical care, job assistance and educational services.   Andrew Johnson's Opposition to the Freedmen's Bureau Just one year after its establishment, Congress passed another Freedmen’s Bureau Act. As a result, the Freedmen’s Bureau was not only going to present for another two years, but the U.S. Army was commanded to protect the civil rights of African-Americans in former Confederate states. However, former President  Andrew Johnson  vetoed the bill. Soon after Johnson sent Generals John Steedman and Joseph Fullerton to tour sites of the Freedmen’s Bureau. The purpose of the generals’ tour was to reveal that the Freedmen’s Bureau was unsuccessful. Nevertheless, many southern African-Americans supported the Freedmen’s Bureau because of the aid and protection provided.   Congress passed the Freedmen’s Bureau Act for the second time in July of 1866. Although Johnson vetoed the act again, Congress overrode his action. As a result, the Freedmen’s Bureau Act became law.   What Other Obstacles Did the Freedmen's Bureau Face? Despite the resources that the Freedmen’s Bureau was able to provide to newly freed African-Americans and displaced whites, the agency faced many problems. The Freedmen’s Bureau never received enough funding to provide for people in need. In addition, the Freedmen’s Bureau only had an estimated 900 agents throughout southern states. And in addition to the opposition that Johnson presented in the existence of the Freedmen’s Bureau, white southerners appealed to their political representatives at the local and state levels to end the work of the Freedmen’s Bureau. At the same time, many white northerners opposed the idea of providing relief solely to African-Americans following the Civil War.   What Led to the Demise of the Freedmen's Bureau? In July of 1868, Congress passed a law that closed the Freedmen’s Bureau. By 1869, General Howard had ended most of the programs associated with the Freedmen’s Bureau. The only program that remained in operation was its educational services.  The Freedmen’s Bureau closed completely in 1872. Following the closing of the Freedmen’s Bureau, editorialist George William Curtis wrote, No institution was ever more imperatively necessary, and none has been more useful.  Additionally, Curtis agreed with the argument that the Freedmen’s Bureau had averted a â€Å"war of races,† which allowed the South to rebuild itself following the Civil War.

Darwin s Theory Of Natural Selection - 1638 Words

Ways that Darwin’s theory of natural selection was transformative to his society According to thefreedictionary.com the definition of natural selection is the process in which, according to Darwin’s theory of evolution, organisms that are better adapted to their environment tend to survive longer and transmit more of their genetic characteristics to succeeding generations, than do those that are less well adapted. The following section will cover aspects on which Darwin’s theory was transformative on his society, and also the general feelings of his contemporaries towards his work. Joseph Hooker, a lifelong friend and contemporary of Charles Robert Darwin was the first person Darwin confided in about his discoveries and theories of natural selection. â€Å"Yet Hooker never hesitated to criticize Darwin when he disagreed with him† (www.kew.org) Alfred Russel Wallace held some pre- Darwinian ideas about evolution. Brief correspondences took place between Darwin and Alfred and to their shock Wallace’s work â€Å"nearly replicated Darwin’s own theory†, when he sent it to Darwin in 1859. (www.evolution.berkeley.edu,2016) Alfred Wallace almost published first, in which case it would be â€Å"Wallace’s Theory of Evolution.† Religion created a mental block against evolutionism at the time in society (even so in modern society). Religious views that god created all animals and other living organisms maintained the controversy that evolution was/is not possible. In my opinion Darwin’s theoryShow MoreRelatedCharles Darwin And Darwin s Theory Of Natural Selection1489 Words   |  6 Pagesto discover that this species has been completely altered. This outcome is a direct result of a ubiquitous phenomenon theorized by none other than Charles Darwin, a prestigious naturalist and biologist. This venerable man was able to unveil many revelations regarding variability through the development of his theory of natural selection (Darwin and Huxley xii). Having an inherent adoration toward nature as a young child likely provided a significant incentive. Though Darwin’s thesis is not immaculateRead MoreCharles Darwin s Theory Of Natural Selection1399 Words   |  6 Pages(thoughtco). Charles Darwin’s theory clearly state that evolution occurs by natural selection. Darwin published a book in 1859 on the origin of species. In the book Darwin talks about the philosophy of natural selection. Natural selection is when a group of species show variation in their physical characters. This is because of the difference in their gene. Charles Darwin proposed that natural selection acts to preserve accumulate minor advantageous genetic mutations (Darwin’s-theory-of-evolution). EvolutionRead MoreDarwin s Theory Of Natural Selection1288 Words   |  6 Pagesmakeup (phenotype makeup) of a population over time; or a change in allele frequencies in a population over time (College Biology, 2014, p. 513). Darwin’s theory of natural selection says that organisms have great potential fertility, natural resources are very limited, variation in phenotypes exists among individuals within a species, natural populations naturally remain constant and consistent in size, and traits (an observable or measurable characteristic) that an organism holds are heritableRead MoreDarwin s Theory Of Natural Selection1189 Words   |  5 PagesCharles Darwin presented his theory of natural selection in On the Origin of Species he was aware that it would not easily be accepted. Darwin compares the struggle he anticipates to the challenges encountered in other scientific fields, writing, â€Å"The difficulty is the same as felt by so many geologists, when Lyell first insisted that long lines of island cliffs had been formed, and great valleys excavated, by the slow action of the coast-waves† (Darwin, 392). Darwin anticipates that his theory willRead MoreDarwin s Theory Of Natural Selection1128 Words   |  5 PagesCharles Darwin broached the theory of natural selection in his book the Origin of Species, which has been considered the basis of evolutionary biology to this day. Natural selection is when populations of a species evolve over the course of many generations. Darwin believed that species were not created separately, but instead, species were derived from one another. In other words, the evolution of species creates many variations among creatures, and this is because all of those species came fromRead MoreCharles Darwin s Theory Of Natural Selection Essay1707 Words   |  7 PagesWhen Charles Darwin first developed his theory of Natural selection, he discovered that â€Å"Individuals in populations vary their â€Å"heritable† tr aits† (Leicht and McAllister, 2006. p. 157). And that â€Å"if a particular inherited trait confers a higher likelihood of survival and reproduction, individuals with that trait will leave more offspring than other individuals in the population† (Leicht and McAllister, 2006. p.157). With this in mind, during project 3 we took pooled data of the entire class in orderRead MoreCharles Darwin s Theory Of Natural Selection2372 Words   |  10 PagesCharles Darwin in his theory of natural selection said â€Å" the fittest of the fittest will survive,† and year after year China has proven they are the fittest by climbing the economic ladder, as Mark Schwartz Vice Chairman of Goldman Sachs and Chairman of Golden Sachs Asia Pacific, claims in his speech â€Å"China’s Economic Success and Opportunities,† â€Å"China is coming out of a period of rapid growth almost ten percent over the last thirty (30) years. In 2013 China’s gross domestic product (G DP) was 9Read MoreCharles Darwin s Theory Of Evolution And Natural Selection2114 Words   |  9 PagesCharles Darwin Charles Darwin was born in Shrewsbury, England, on February 12, 1809. He died on April 19, 1882 in Kent, England (Biography.com Editors). Charles Darwin brought many revolutionary visions to the world of science, including evolution. Charles Darwin was an English naturalist and geologist. He is best known for his theory of evolution, and natural selection. Darwin learned most of his information on the Voyage of the Beagle, and from this trip he wrote a book, Of the Origin of SpeciesRead MoreDarwin ´s Theory of Natural Selection and Primates1285 Words   |  6 PagesLamarck. Although Darwin was not the first thinker about the concept of evolution, he was a revolutionary in developing a theory of evolution that was consistent. The distinctive element of the evolutionary theory conceived by Darwin is the way he viewed species. Darwin considered variation among individuals of a species to be natural. He further argued that variation, far from being problematic, actually provides the explanation for the existence of distinct species. Darwin adopted elementsRead MoreCharles Darwin s Theory Of Natural Selection1408 Words   |  6 Pagesbenefit in result of the heritable genes and eventually through generations, the variants will be spread throughout the entire population (Montgomery, 2009). Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection can be supported through both fossils and homologous structures. A technique that supports Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection is fossils. A fossil is the remnant or imprint of a previous animal embedded in rock and preserved in petrified form (J, Castro, 2013). Fossils are used and are still important

Often when the word fraternities come to mind many of us...

Often when the word fraternities come to mind many of us tend to think of pop-culture references such as Animal House or Old School. This is even what I thought going into one myself. But as I took a closer look, I realized this is not the life that they put out to be in the movies. Then again when are the movies ever really right about the real world? I was surprised to be honest that my idea of a fraternity was slightly skewed from reality but as time went on and I got more involved, the less I liked the idea of only parties. Fraternities have opened my mind to learning about subjects that I would never have been interested in before and help motivate me to do better in school. This is why I believe Fraternities promote education through†¦show more content†¦As they soon realize that is not what being Greek is about anymore. We strive to separate from this idea and often try to avoid initiating the people who do believe in this life style. But Im not here to boost up Delta Chi. When looking at most if not all of the fraternities on campus have the same view. I have been to more speakers, meetings with influential business leaders in the are and other events that have broadened my thinking than I have parties hosted by a fraternity. Here is the problem when I hear people associating fraternities with parties. I have been to multiple campuses and see many parties put on by all walks of life I have seen more than just frat boys drinking, granted there are individuals that may belong to a fraternity but this does not represent the fraternities as a whole. According to NIH (National Institute of Health) â€Å"42%,or over 3 million of the 8 million students attending colleges in the U.S. have consumed five or more drinks during a single drinking occasion within the past 30 days. † This is problem college wide, hell there are even houses here that have gotten nicknames so people know which house party they are talking about. But the fact is that thes e houses tend to have parties every weekend and some during week days. Now don’t get me wrong, it is ok to have a party everyonce in a while, in fact we tend to have one a semesterShow MoreRelatedAbnormal Psychology. Classification and Assessment of Abnormal Behavior20707 Words   |  83 PagesI pulled, uh well at the nearest exit. I just got off . . . uh stopped and, I had never experienced anything like that before. Interviewer: That was just a . . . Jerry: Out of the clear blue . . . Interviewer: Out of the clear blue? And what’d you think was going on? Jerry: I had no idea. Interviewer: You just knew you were . . . Jerry: I thought maybe I was having a heart attack. Interviewer: Okay. Source: Exerpted from â€Å"Panic Disorder: The Case of Jerry,† found on the Videos in Abnormal PsychologyRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesJersey 07458. Many of the designations by manufacturers and seller to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Whetten, David A. (David Allred) Developing management skills /David A. Whetten, Kim S. Cameron.—8th ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBNRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pageslikewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initialRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pages121 147 147 Text 3. Why Organizations Change Text Cohen †¢ Effective Behavior in Organizations, Seventh Edition 14. Initiating Change 174 174 Text iii Cases 221 221 225 The Consolidated Life Case: Caught Between Corporate Cultures Who’s in Charge? (The)(Jim)(Davis)(Case) Morin−Jarrell †¢ Driving Shareholder Value I. Valuation 229 229 253 279 1. The Value−Based Management Framework: An Overview 2. Why Value Value? 4. 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C) It helps to build a loyal customer base but has no impact on a firms intangible assets. D) It is more important for bigger organizations than smaller ones. E) It is seldom used by nonprofitRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesComprehension: Questions for Review 80 Key Terms 80 81 HRM Workshop Linking Concepts to Practice: Discussion Questions 81 Developing Diagnostic and Analytical Skills 81 Case Application 3-A: Diversity Is the New Color This Year 81 Case Application 3-B: When Oversight Fails 81 Working with a Team: What’s Your Perception? 82 Learning an HRM Skill: Investigating a Harassment Complaint 82 Enhancing Your Communication Skills 83 DID YOU KNOW?: Suggestions for Recruiting Minorities and Women 60 Adverse ImpactRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesCross Reference of Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) Concepts to Text Topics Chapter 1 Modern Project Management Chapter 8 Scheduling resources and cost 1.2 Project defined 1.3 Project management defined 1.4 Projects and programs (.2) 2.1 The project life cycle (.2.3) App. G.1 The project manager App. G.7 Political and social environments F.1 Integration of project management processes [3.1] 6.5.2 Setting a schedule baseline [8.1.4] 6.5.3.1 Setting a resource schedule 6.5.2.4 ResourceRead MoreI Love Reading Essay69689 Words   |  279 Pages5.9 : Figure 5.10 : Figure 6.1 : Figure 6.2 : Figure 6.3 : Figure 6.4 : Figure 6.5 : Figure 6.6 : Figure 6.7 : Figure 6.8 : Figure 7.1 : Figure A.1 : Figure A.2 : Figure A.3 : Figure A.4 : Figure A.5 : PE/VC investments by industry in 2007(Total US$ 14.2 Bn) Growth of venture capital and private equity in India, 2000-2007 Investments by stage– Number of deals Building synergies Importance of education Qualiï ¬ cation of entrepreneurs Qualiï ¬ cation of entrepreneurs – Variations according to time period

Intercultural Semantics and Sociolinguistics MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Intercultural Semantics and Sociolinguistics. Answer: Introduction: The context of language in the course of communication can be diversified into various perspectives. The morphological and sociolinguistic variants of the use of the interjected words have been used for the communicative function and the terms of expression. The website and the use are drawn mainly on a linear plane as restrictions on the part of the syntactic, morphological and phrasal level. It is more of a result of the contemporary goals and the assimilation of both the terms of expression, which is majorly offensive to the strength of the usage. The insertion of fuck and fucking revolves with a number of limitations, which can be strategically used by the program. From the viewpoint of linguistics the swear words seem to be a product of de-semanticization which lacks the support and the theories of semantic approach (Chen et al., 2014). The normal stance can be regulated through the reactive sense which has been attributed as the derivative to the interjections of the purpose of including a swear word in the midst of a conversation and the patterns of communication. The significance and the purpose of using a web page which is developed on the use of swearing in a language of the cultural differences, which emerges through this concept. Moreover, the development of the various perspectives that has been utilized for the employment of a new vocabulary have to be practiced which has been used in the website for demonstrating and analyzing the context and approach on the accounts of the structure of semantics. The discourse on the use of language and communication patterns can have an extensive outlook on the impacts and influence of the speaker and the listener. In regards to the Chrome Extension, Fuck the Shit Up, the application of the swear words have been congruent with the type of the webpage on which it is observed (Dewaele , 2016). The aspect and utility of swear words as an overtly grammatical expression of English language can be analyzed through the connotations involved while comprehending the nature and scope of using the swear words. The means of linguistic and syntactic expression of an individual or any program regulates to the overt grammatical subject that is used to define the swear word (Cosenza, 2015). Often the program happens to include irrational of the swear words which can be improved and the usage can be used for entertaining the purpose through sarcastic annotations and developing the witty criticism. One improvement is that it can be used as an effective tool for engaging the content on the said webpage on which it appears by attaching the chrome extension of Fuck the Shit Up. The program is structured on the outline of the usage of expletives, which is considered as an obscene speech patterns. The use of fuck and fucking is this program does not follow any specific patter, but owing to the receptive power of the user, the use in some pages which is related to any ethnic race, culture, religion, or issue of historical significance is not appropriate at is hurt the sentiments of the concerned. The reflexive use of the swear words in not integrated with the emotional intelligence of the speaker. In fact, the use of swear words is more about drawing on the user and the course of the manipulation it attains on while expressing in their own course of action (Cosenza, 2014). The purpose of swearing and the emphasis that has been generated due to the patterns of slang words have been followed by the web program application. It is more of a comic relief depending on the proximity of the expletive. In conventional cases the position of swear words are mostly on word boundaries and the nature is not varied but the extension makes it more feasible for applying it on a range of approach that has been distributed on terms of the aspect and the purpose of using the expletive (Goddard, 2015). Reference Chen, J., Hsieh, G., Mahmud, J. U., Nichols, J. (2014, February). Understanding individuals' personal values from social media word use. InProceedings of the 17th ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work social computing(pp. 405-414). ACM. Cosenza, G. (2014). Grillos communication style: from swear words to body language.Contemporary Italian Politics,6(1), 89-101. Dewaele, J. M. (2016). Thirty shades of offensiveness: L1 and LX English users understanding, perception and self-reported use of negative emotion-laden words.Journal of Pragmatics,94, 112-127. Goddard, C. (2015). Swear words and curse words in Australian (and American) English. At the crossroads of pragmatics, semantics and sociolinguistics.Intercultural Pragmatics,12(2), 189-218.

Working With Internet Protocols

Question 1: Snort Rules This question presents a fictitious security vulnerability in a range of lasers printers. The question requires that you develop SNORT IDS rules to detect exploits of this fictitious vulnerability. All information regarding this vulnerability is fabricated to give the illusion of a real security threat. As a result, searches on the Internet will not yield any information regarding the signature of this vulnerability. All the information required to detect exploits for this vulnerability are presented in this question, except where noted otherwise. You are a security specialist working for XYZ Incorporated. XYZ use SNORT as their NIDS which protects both their IP sub-networks being 192.168.1.0/24 and 192.168.2.0/24. A security vulnerability has been detected in the Humphrey Pollard Laserprint 12050 printer model. This vulnerability is remotely exploitable and allows the execution of arbitrary code. There is a bug in the way the printer processes the postscript spool management header. A sample of a spool header is given below: %!PS-Adobe-3.0 %%Creator: texttops/CUPS v1.2.2%%CreationDate: Thu 21 Sep 2006 11:49:57 AM EST%%Title: TODO %%For: username %%DocumentNeededResources: font Courier-Bold The printers code which parses these headers only allows 8 bytes for the %%For field value buffer in memory. In the example above, the field value is username. It is possible to overflow the buffer by providing a value to the %%For field that is greater than 8 bytes. The %%For field can be found anywhere in the packet. An exploit has been released in the form of a worm which when infecting the Laser printers memory, tricks the laser printer into emailing all documents received for printing to an email account in Russia. The worm propagates by scanning networks in proximity of its own for other vulnerable printers. On finding vulnerable machines, it copies itself to them and the cycle continues. It also propagates via email as a PDF attachment. The malicious code is embedded in the PDF file. The email message suggests that the attached document contains a joke and requires printing to a laser printer to view. When the user prints the PDF, its payload is sent to the printer either directly, or via a printer spooling server. Effectively, this means the worm can attack printers from any host on the network. If a printer is found to be compromised, power-cycling (turning off and then on) the printer will erase the worm from the printers volatile memory. However, this does not prevent the printer from being re-infected. You are required to write 2 SNORT IDS rules labelled (ONE) and (TWO) to manage this vulnerability until patches are applied and printers reset. Rule (ONE) must detect attempts to exploit this vulnerability on any printer in the company network. The rule should scan for attempts from any host on the network to any host on the network. It should also scan only for connections to the Jetdirect printing TCP/IP port number, used by this range of printers. You may need to research Jetdirect to identify which port number it uses for printing and what transport protocol. Google is a good place to start. The signature of the exploit is given as follows: %%For: username The value username can be any sequence of characters, but must be exactly 8 characters long. For example, username could be abcdefgh. Note also there is a space between the colon and username. Immediately following the 8 characters for the username is the payload of the exploit, which is given below as decimal byte values: 124 185 30 135 99 214 51 29 Your rule should match the entire sequence as described above starting from %%For: through to the last decimal byte of the exploit payload 29. On detecting packets, your rule should generate an alert with a message stating: Attempt to exploit laser printer vulnerability. Rule (TWO) must detect attempts by the malicious payload running on any infected printers to email documents to the Internet. You have 6 printers on your network that are vulnerable to this attack. Their IP addresses are: 192.168.1.45 192.168.1.40 192.168.2.15 192.168.2.30 192.168.2.31 192.168.2.40 Your email rule must apply only to the vulnerable printers on the network. In other words, your rule should detect attempts to email the hacker from only the above printers, and no other hosts. This model of laser printer also provides scanning and faxing capabilities. When the scanning function is used, the unit will email the scanned document to an Internet email address given by the user when scanning. As a result, it is normal behaviour for these printers to send emails via SMTP. Therefore, it is necessary to check the recipient email address of the document. The rule should detect attempts to email users outside of the organisation, as no document should be emailed outside the company from a printer. The organisations domain name is: xyzcorp.com.au. So any emails sent to an address of form: user@xyzcorp.com.au should not be detected as these addresses are for company employees. Any other email addresses without the exact domain name above should be detected. Any mail server could be used to deliver the email. On detecting an email from one of these printers to an address outside the organisation, your rule should generate an alert with the message: Compromised printer attempting to email document outside organisation For both rules, be sure to complete the following: Allocate an appropriate SID value and a revision number Designate an appropriate class type for this attack. Annotate your rules with comments describing what each component of the rule does, so other security specialists in your team can see how your rules are written. Comments can be introduced to your rules file snort.conf by preceding each line with a hash character #. Anything after the hash character to the end of the line will be treated as a comment by SNORT and ignored by the rule parsing code. This is how you should comment your rules. An example of how to present your rules in your assignment document is shown below: # Your explanation of the below in italics var HOME_NET 138.77.23.0/16 var EXTERNAL_NET !138.77.23.0/16 # Your explanation of the below drop udp $EXTERNAL_NET any - $HOME_NET 993 #Your explanation of the below, and so on... ... An example explanation for a SNORT rule option: # The content of the packet must contain the string USER root to be matched. # Furthermore, the offset option specifies that the string USER root should be # matched exactly 10 bytes from the beginning of the packet. In other words, it will # only match packets where 10 bytes from the start of the payload, the string # USER root is specified. content: USER root; offset:10; 2: Kerberos Authentication Protocol A. Give your general description of the Kerberos authentication protocol B. Explain the term: Authenticator used in the Kerberos authentication protocol C. In the Kerberos authentication protocol, there are 3 basic roles: client, server and Key Distribution Centre (KDC). Give your description of each of them. D. By explaining the term: Session Ticket, describe how a session key is created by KDC, distributed to the client and the server E. Describe the mutual authentication procedure between the client and the server after the client obtains the session ticket. 3: Wireless Protocols A. Describe 802.1x authentication and the steps that when a wireless client connects to a network using RADIUS server for authentication. B. Explain the PEAP protocol how does it differ from EAP and what EAP deficiency does it address? C. What makes a brute-force attack both particularly difficult and potentially easy on a wireless network using AES/CCMP encryption and 802.1x authentication Hint: What do you need to know in order to attempt the attack? D. Assume an office wireless network was only configured with AES/CCMP encryption (i.e. no additional authentication standards). What problems would this cause? E. Assume an office wireless network was only configured with 802.1x authentication (i.e. no additional encryption). What problems would this cause? Answer: 1:Snort Rules Rule -1 Define the Class type include classification.config Indicate a variable which contains a list of IP addresses representing all vulnerable printers subject to an attack. var variable_name (Specify all ip addresses of printer) alert tcp any any - any (ephimaral port i.e. printer port) msg: write the message you want to display ; alert tcp any any - any any (content:"%%For: "; content:"| 124 185 30 135 99 214 51 29 |"; distance:8;msg: " ALERT printer exploit exposed") Rule-2 It have to discover endeavors by the vindictive payload running on any tainted printer to email archives to clients outside the organization this standard ought to recognize bundles sent to any SMTP server on TCP port 25 from just given 6 powerless printers in the system caution tcp $variable_name any - any 25 msg:""; At that point include one more control: for The association's space name is: xyzcorp.com.au. So any emails sent to a location of structure: user@xyzcorp.com.au ought not be recognized as these addresses are for organization representatives. Whatever other email addresses without the careful space name above ought to be caught. Any mail server could be utilized to convey the email. On locating an email from one of these printers to a location outside the association, your tenet ought to produce an alarm with the message: "Traded off printer endeavoring to email report outside association" alert tcp $EXTERNAL_NET any - $SMTP_SERVERS 25 (msg:" Traded off printer endeavoring to email report outside association "; flow:to_server,established; content:USER root; offset:10; nocase; isdataat:300,relative; pcre:"/^RCPT TOx3as[^n]{300}/ism"; reference:bugtraq,2283; reference:bugtraq,9696; reference:cve,2001-0260; classtype:attempted-admin; sid:654; rev:14;) 2.Kerberos Authentication Protocol (A).A full-benefit Kerberos environment, comprising of a Kerberos server, various customers and various application servers, obliges that the Kerberos server must have the client ID (UID) and hashed passwords of all taking an interest clients in its database. All clients are enrolled with the Kerberos server. Such an environment is alluded as a domain. Besides, the Kerberos server must impart a mystery key to every server and each server is enlisted with the Kerberos server. A basic verification method must include three steps: The customer C demands the client password and afterward make an impression on the AS of the Kerberos framework that incorporates the client's ID, the server's ID and the client's password. The AS check its database to check whether the client has supplied the best possible password for this client ID and whether this client is allowed access to the server V. In the event that both tests are passed, the AS acknowledge the client as legitimate and must now persuade the server that this client is real. Along these lines the AS makes and sends once again to C a ticket that contains the client's ID and network address and the server's ID. At that point it is encoded with the mystery key imparted by the AS and the server V. C can now apply to V for the administration. It makes an impression on V containing C's ID and the ticket. V unscrambles the ticket and checks that the client ID in the ticket is the same of the particular case that accompanied the ticket. In the event that these two match, the server allows the asked for administration to the customer. (B).The Third segment (C as explained above) that matches the information communicated from the client and server and if it is proved to be correct or the information communicated is same from both the sides it lets the client to be authenticated and correct. (C).Client: Client is the computer on the network that has to have resources from the server, in order to do so the computer needs to communicate with the Key Distributor to obtain the key request so that it could be authenticated from the user. Server: The server is any server on the network and it generally have no special security features installed it gives out permissions based on the Kerberos level authentication. Key Distributor: The presentation of a plan for dodging plaintext passwords and another server, known as the Ticket-Granting Server (TGS). The new administration issues tickets to clients who have been verified to AS. Each one time the client oblige access to another administration, the customer applies to the TGS utilizing the ticket supplied by the AS to confirm itself. The TGS then concedes a ticket to the specific administration and the customer spares this ticket for future utilization. (D).As opposed to sending the encrypted session keys to both of the principals, the KDC sends both the customer's and the server's duplicates of the session key to the customer. The customer's duplicate of the session key is encrypted with the customer's master key and in this manner can't be decoded by whatever other substance. The server's duplicate of the session key is implanted, alongside approval information about the customer, in an information structure called a ticket. The ticket is altogether encrypted with the server's master key and thusly can't be perused or changed by the customer or some other element that does not have entry to the server's master key. It is the obligation of the customer to store the ticket securely until contact with the server. (E).At the point when the customer gets the KDC's reaction, it extricates the ticket and its own particular duplicate of the session key, putting both aside in a protected reserve. To make a safe session with the server, it sends the server a message comprising of the ticket, still encrypted with the server's master key, and an authenticator message encrypted with the session key. Together, the ticket and authenticator message are the customer's accreditations to the server. At the point when the server gets certifications from a customer, it unscrambles the ticket with its master key, removes the session key, and uses the session key to unscramble the customer's authenticator message. On the off chance that everything looks at, the server realizes that the customer's accreditations were issued by the KDC, a trusted power. For shared verification, the server reacts by encoding the time stamp from the customer's authenticator message utilizing the session key. This encrypted message is sent to the customer. The customer then decodes the message. In the event that the returned message is the same as the time stamp in the first authenticator message, the server is verified. 3.Wireless Protocols (A).A typical network get to, three-part building design emphasizes a supplicant, access gadget (switch, access point) and verification server (RADIUS). This building design influences the decentralized access gadgets to give versatile, however computationally lavish, encryption to numerous supplicants while in the meantime centralizing the control of access to a couple of validation servers. This last peculiarity makes 802.1x validation sensible in extensive establishments. At the point when EAP is run over a LAN, EAP bundles are encapsulated by EAP over LAN (EAPOL) messages. The arrangement of EAPOL parcels is characterized in the 802.1x determination. EAPOL correspondence happens between the end-client station (supplicant) and the remote access point (authenticator). The RADIUS convention is utilized for correspondence between the authenticator and the RADIUS server. The verification procedure starts when the end client endeavors to unite with the WLAN. The authenticator gets the solicitation and makes a virtual port with the supplicant. The authenticator goes about as an intermediary for the end client passing validation data to and from the verification server for its sake. As far as possible movement to confirmation information to the server. A transaction happens, which incorporates: the customer may send an EAP-begin message. the access point sends an EAP-demand character message. the customer's EAP-reaction parcel with the customer's personality is "proxied" to the verification server by the authenticator. the confirmation server challenges the customer to substantiate themselves and may send its certifications to substantiate itself to the customer (if utilizing shared verification). the customer checks the server's accreditations (if utilizing common confirmation) and after that sends its qualifications to the server to substantiate itself. the validation server acknowledges or rejects the customer's appeal for association. if the end client was acknowledged, the authenticator changes the virtual port with the end client to an approved state permitting full network access to that end client. at log-off, the customer virtual port is changed over to the u (B).PEAP (Protected Extensible Authentication Protocol) is a variant of EAP, the validation convention utilized as a part of remote networks and Point-to-Point associations. PEAP is intended to give more secure confirmation to 802.11 Wlans (remote neighborhood) that help 802.1x port access control. PEAP verifies the server with an open key testament and conveys the validation in a safe Transport Layer Security (TLS) session, over which the WLAN client, WLAN stations and the confirmation server can verify themselves. Each one station gets an individual encryption key. At the point when utilized as a part of conjunction with Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP), each one key has a limited lifetime. Cisco Systems, Microsoft and RSA Security are advancing PEAP as an Internet standard. Presently in draft status, the convention is picking up help and is relied upon to remove Cisco's exclusive Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol (LEAP). PEAP addresses the weaknesses of 802.11 security, imparted key validation being boss among these. Shortcomings in 802.11 Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) permit an aggressor to catch encrypted casings and dissect them to focus the encryption key. (In this framework, the same imparted key is utilized for both confirmation and encryption.) With the imparted key, the aggressor can decode edges or stance as a honest to goodness client. PEAP is comparative in outline to EAP-TTLS, obliging just a server-side PKI testament to make a protected TLS shaft to secure client verification, and uses server-side open key authentications to validate the server. It then makes an encrypted TLS burrow between the customer and the confirmation server. In many arrangements, the keys for this encryption are transported utilizing the server's open key. The resulting trade of verification data inside the passage to confirm the customer is then encrypted and client accreditations are protected from listening stealthily. (C).AES remains for "Cutting edge Encryption Standard." This was a more secure encryption convention presented with Wpa2, which supplanted the interval WPA standard. AES isn't some creaky standard created particularly for Wi-Fi networks; its a genuine overall encryption standard that is even been received by the US government. Case in point, when you scramble a hard drive with Truecrypt, it can utilize AES encryption for that. AES is for the most part considered very secure, and the fundamental shortcomings would be savage energy assaults (forestalled by utilizing a solid passphrase) and security shortcomings in different parts of Wpa2. The undertaking mode is still defenseless to assaults. One way a Wi-Fi programmer could conceivably join with your undertaking secured remote network is by breaking the client passwords by means of animal energy lexicon assaults. Despite the fact that not as straightforward as breaking WPA/Wpa2 Psks, its still conceivable with the privilege devices. They'd need to set up a fake network, a right to gain entrance point matching the SSID and security settings of the genuine network with expectations of getting clueless clients of the genuine network to interface keeping in mind the end goal to catch their login accreditations. The assailant could sit tight for customers to join or attempt to constrain it by sending de-confirmation parcels and/or utilizing speakers and reception apparatuses to help the fake sign. The aggressor would likewise need to set up a fake RADIUS server to catch these client login accreditations. They could utilize the prevalent open source Freeradius server with the Freeradius-WPE patch. This patch changes a portion of the settings so the server will acknowledge and dependably react with a fruitful validation (regardless of the password) for all the diverse EAP sorts and after that logs the verification demands. Inside the logs, an aggressor can typically see the username the customer is utilizing to unite with the genuine network. They wouldn't see the client's password however would have the test and reaction that they could gone through a word reference based saltine to uncover the password. (D).Wpa2 Personal (AES) is right now the strongest manifestation of security offered by Wi-Fi items, and is suggested for all employments. At the point when empowering Wpa2, make sure to choose a solid password, one that can't be speculated by outsiders. On the off chance that you have more established Wi-Fi gadgets on your network that don't help Wpa2 Personal (AES), a great second decision is WPA/Wpa2 Mode (regularly alluded to as WPA Mixed Mode). This mode will permit more current gadgets to utilize the stronger Wpa2 AES encryption, while as yet permitting more established gadgets to unite with more established WPA TKIP-level encryption. In the event that your Wi-Fi switch doesn't help WPA/Wpa2 Mode, WPA Personal (TKIP) mode is the following best decision. (E)."Malignant affiliations" are when remote gadgets can be effectively made by assailants to unite with an organization network through their portable computer rather than an organization access point (AP). These sorts of laptops are known as "delicate Aps" and are made when a digital criminal runs some product that makes his/her remote network card resemble an authentic access point. Once the hoodlum has gotten access, he/she can take passwords, dispatch assaults on the wired network, or plant trojans. Since remote networks work at the Layer 2 level, Layer 3 insurances, for example, network verification and virtual private networks (Vpns) offer no boundary. Remote 802.1x validations do help with some assurance however are still helpless against hacking. The thought behind this sort of assault may not be to break into a VPN or other efforts to establish safety. Undoubtedly the criminal is simply attempting to assume control over the customer at the Layer 2 level.

Lessons from Platos book The Apology

In his book ‘The Apology’, the Greek philosopher Plato provides a version of Socrates speech during his trail a courtroom in Athens. Plato, being Socrates’ wrote the Apologetics to show how the great philosopher defended himself against the charges brought to the court by his accusers around 399 BC.[1]Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Lessons from Plato’s book ‘The Apology’ specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Socrates was accused of several accounts of corrupting the youth and heresy. Plato’s account of the speech remains a modern inspiration and source of philosophical lessons to philosophers and scholars in the contemporary world. Though called ‘apology’ by Plato, the speech is not actually an apology- Socrates was attempting use his wisdom to justify his teachings and beliefs, and not to apologize for his actions.[2] First, his concise and clear explanati on of his beliefs and the facts that led to his accusation are an indication of Socrates’ ability to defend himself against his accusers basing his arguments on the wisdom he had rather then attempting to discredit his thoughts. In this way, Socrates portrays his reputation he had developed from his great philosophical wisdom by discrediting the pre-Socratics and sophists. He argues that his wisdom originates from an oracle given to Chaerephon by Delphi that he (Socrates) would be the wisest man on earth.[3] Secondly, philosophers learn that a perfect understanding of human knowledge does not exist. Consequently, a perfect understanding of some terms such as virtue, justice and piety does not exist. In Plato’s ‘The Apology’, Socrates claims that although he possessed super wisdom that was not comparable to that of the Athenian wise men, poets and teachers, he humbly accepted his wisdom and knew that it could not be the most perfect.[4] Unlike the politicia ns, poets and craftsmen, Socrates’ arguments provide the modern philosophers with a model of a true and just philosophy.[5] For instance, he accepts the antipathy and resentment, and goes to an extent of risking death rather then diverting from his own wisdom and discourage the students who had believed in him. The ‘Apology’ shows that Socrates was willing to face death rather than deny his wisdom. It is evident that Socrates’ love for wisdom outweighs human fear of death. He argues that he does not fear what he does not know (death), but fears human lack of knowledge and ignorance as portrayed by his accusers, the jury and the Athenian wise men. In addition, Socrates speech is a motivation to modern philosophers in that his wisdom consists of ultimate, clear and precise thinking and presentation of ideas. This uniqueness portrayed by Socrates aims at teaching modern philosophers that questioning and clarification of human knowledge is a vital thing than a ffirming to the knowledge.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, the speech shows that the role of the philosopher is not to be a critic; rather a philosopher must present the ideas in a concise and precise manner. The important thing is to present the ideas in a manner that describes the cause, process and effect of a given social, scientific and cultural problem.[6] In what appears to be the most inspiring argument in the field of philosophy, Socrates argues that if he was corrupting the youths in Athens and destroying the society, then the whole society would be corrupt and in the process he would destroy himself. He argues that he was not so foolish to an extent of using his knowledge to hurt his own society. This is an indication that philosophers should be responsible of their knowledge and arguments since the society can easily act according to philosophers’ argu ments. Bibliography West, Thomas. Plato’s Apology of Socrates. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1979. Footnotes Thomas West, Plato’s Apology of Socrates, (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1979), 54 West, 57 West, 64 West, 72 West, 77 West, 84 This essay on Lessons from Plato’s book ‘The Apology’ was written and submitted by user Rylie Burgess to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Goodfellas summary essays

Goodfellas summary essays Wannabe gangster Henry Hill climbs the ladder through the hierarchy of the mob, but Henrys career falls apart after getting involved with drugs and has to rat on his former mob associates in order to save himself. Based on a true story Goodfellas came out in 1990. This movie begins in the late 40s when Henry Hill played by Rat Loitta was a young Italian-American in a New York City neighborhood. At Henrys young age he begins an obsession with the local gangsters in his neighborhood. Henry wants to become a gangster because they seem to have good lives with the way they dress and act. So Henry goes against his parents will to work for the mob. Still just a kid Henry begins parking the cars for the gangsters then continues his young criminal career buy selling stolen cigarettes on the streets. The police arrest Henry for selling stolen cigarettes but his arrest opens his career to new heights when he doesnt tell the police anything about the mob he works for. The local mob boss, Paul Cicero (played by Paul Sorvino) recognizes Henry for his silence to the police. Henry then continues up the gangster ladder working with Tommy DeVito (Joe Pesci) and Jimmy Conway (Robert De Niro) in their teenage y ears. Henry continues his gangster activity and marries a Jewish girl named Karen (played by Lorraine Bracco). Karen falls in love with Henry and is fascinated by his career as a gangster. Henry, Tommy, and Jimmy then steal cargo worth millions of dollars from an airliner at a near by airport (JFK airport) and pay Paul (the mob boss) his share. The gangsters continue their careers. Tommy becomes the most violent one out of the group always trying to prove his toughness with violence. Jimmy becomes obsessed with hijacking and theft. As the years go by the Henry picks up a cocaine addiction and traffics cocaine for profit even though selling drugs is strictly prohibited ...

The Body Under the Bed - Urban Legends

The Body Under the Bed - Urban Legends Heres an example of the scary urban legend known as The Body Under the Bed as shared by a reader: A man and woman went to Las Vegas for their honeymoon, and checked into a suite at a hotel. When they got to their room they both detected a bad odor. The husband called down to the front desk and asked to speak to the manager. He explained that the room smelled very bad and they would like another suite. The manager apologized and told the man that they were all booked because of a convention. He offered to send them to a restaurant of their choice for lunch compliments of the hotel and said he was going to send a maid up to their room to clean and to try and get rid of the odor. After a nice lunch, the couple went back to their room. When they walked in they could both still smell the same odor. Again the husband called the front desk and told the manager that the room still smelled really bad. The manager told the man that they would try and find a suite at another hotel. He called every hotel on the strip, but every hotel was sold out because of the convention. The manager told the couple that they couldnt find them a room anywhere, but they would try and clean the room again. The couple wanted to see the sights and do a little gambling anyway, so they said they would give them two hours to clean and then they would be back. When the couple had left, the manager and all of housekeeping went to the room to try and find what was making the room smell so bad. They searched the entire room and found nothing, so the maids changed the sheets, changed the towels, took down the curtains and put new ones up, cleaned the carpet and cleaned the suite again using the strongest cleaning products they had. The couple came back two hours later to find the room still had a bad odor. The husband was so angry at this point, he decided to find whatever this smell was himself. So he started tearing the entire suite apart himself. As he pulled the top mattress off the box spring he found a dead body of a woman. Analysis All it takes is one dead body under the mattress to spoil your whole honeymoon. Befitting its Sin City reputation, Las Vegas has been the setting of some horrific urban legends (see The Kidney Snatchers if you dont know what I mean). What sets The Body in the Bed apart from the rest is how frequently incidents resembling the one described above have actually happened in real life - just never, to my knowledge, in Las Vegas! The closest encounter between fact and legend Ive been able to document took place in Atlantic City (another gambling mecca, naturally) in 1999. This account comes from the Bergen Record: The body of Saul Hernandez, 64, of Manhattan was found in Room 112 of the Burgundy Motor Inn after two German tourists slept overnight in the bed despite a rancid smell that prompted them to complain to the front desk.The couple told motel officials about the smell Wednesday night but stayed in the $36-a-night room anyway. On Thursday, they complained again and were given a new room while a motel housekeeper cleaned Room 112. In July 2003, a cleaning crew discovered a dead body stuffed under the mattress in a room at the Capri Motel in Kansas City, Missouri. This report was filed by KMBC-TV News: Police said that the man appeared to have been dead for some time, but the body went unnoticed until a guest staying the room could no longer tolerate the smell. Officers were called to the Capri Motel in the 1400 block of Independence Avenue around noon Sunday after cleaning crews made the grisly discovery.KMBCs Emily Aylward reported that the man who checked into the motel room a few days ago complained to management about the odor two times over the three days. He then checked out on Sunday because he could not tolerate the smell. In March 2010, Memphis police responded to a call from a local motel where employees had noticed a foul odor in one of the rooms. According to ABC Eyewitness News: On March 15th, investigators were called back to room 222 at the Budget Inn, where the body of Sony Millbrook was found under the bed. Police say she was found inside the metal box frame that sits directly on the floor after someone reported smelling a strange odor. The box springs and mattress fit into the top of the bed frame. Room 222, according to investigators, had been rented 5 times and cleaned many times by the hotel staff since the day Millbrook was reported missing.Homicide investigators say Millbrook appears to have been murdered. Theres more than one moral to these stories, to be sure, but the most disturbing of all is that urban legends do sometimes come true.​ Further reading: Isle Mainland Traveler Shared Room with Corpse. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, 1 August 1996.

Speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Speech - Essay Example It is the character that made mother Teresa famous during her time and even many years after she died. She left a mark that has not faded. Nobody has been equated to her, and she is the reason as to why her life is celebrated by all people who appreciate helping others. There are many worshipers and followers of Christ in the world. However, not many are remembered for their faith. Mother Teresa stands as a beacon of light since all her deeds were Godly. She has not been associated with any sin, and no critics have been raised against her. She was able to live a humble life and help other people despite not being rich. Her message was proclaimed through her actions unlike most believers who do it by word of mouth. She always emphasized that rich and poor are equal, and they all deserve attention and help. She always taught people around her how to love and care for the needy. â€Å"Love is not measurable by money or anything material† was her main message each time she spoke to people (Spink 198). Accomplishing her mission was not easy. She was subject to criticism and struggles were her way of life. The unsupportive society did not stop her from achieving what she was destined to achieve. She was not discriminative, and she believed that offering a helping hand what her main reason for living. It is surprising that she loved all the people that she came across. She would not take a meal while someone within her proximity slept hungry. Her firm foundation in faith and love kept her sailing and rising above the odds. Despite being a Christian, she helped everyone regardless of their religion, beliefs or race. She always said that judging other people formed a barrier to extending support. She offered her help to anyone who needed it. She was not rich and did not have enough support for all people. However, she ensured that the people she encountered felt loved and

Literature review of supplements and erogoeinc aids used by cycling

Of supplements and erogoeinc aids used by cycling athletes - Literature review Example It was estimated that the cyclists spend approximately 82 680 KJ of energy during this event. From this total energy spend in the race 54 percents were obtained during the race with intermittent ingestion of liquids, energy and sports drinks and other sources. Based on this approximately 46 percents of the total energy was provided by the intrinsic stored energy (in a form of glycogen, fats, proteins etc.) form the cyclist. As a result of this at the end of the race cyclist loosed 1.19 kilograms of body weight. This example shows that energy demands during long lasting cycling events are extreme. It is estimated that they are 3 times greater than the highest recorded energy demand in a heavy industry worker. There are many parameters that are used in order to measure the level of physical demands in one exercise and in the same time to evaluate the physical condition of the athlete. One of them is VO2 max. It is defined as maximum oxygen consumption in one athlete or peak oxygen inta ke in a period of time during intensive exercise. It is the maximal measured capacity of the organism of the athlete to use oxygen during one physical exercise and is measured in liters of oxygen in minute or milliliters per kilogram body weight in minute. It is a measurement of the ability of the organism to use aerobic system to produce energy. In order to better understand the implication of this measurement we must note that the organism has several systems of energy production that in essence is one complex system, composited of the ATP system, anaerobic system of glycolisys and aerobic system or mitochondrial respiration. End product of all systems is ATP (adenosine three phosphate) which is the main energy source for the cell metabolism. During low level exercises human muscles almost exclusively use aerobic mitochondrial metabolism as for energy production. It is much more effective process of energy production because from one molecule of glucose it produces 30 molecules of ATP. Because of this during low levels of exercise muscles use mitochondrial respiration. But we must understand that the metabolism of glucose is conducted both by aerobic and anaerobic metabolism. In the anaerobic metabolism glucose is converted to pyruvate which is than metabolized oxalate and oxalate it then finally metabolized in the mitochondria to CO2 and water producing 30 molecules of ATP. Now in low level exercises almost all glucose is converted to pyruvate and all pyruvate is metabolized to CO2 and water using this aerobic metabolism in the mitochondria. VO2max is actually measurement of this ability of the human organism to use aerobic processes to produce energy. In order to measure VO2max the intensity of the exercise is gradually increasing until the oxygen consumption reaches maximal values (Niels et al. 2004). It is important measurement because by aerobic metabolism energy is used much more effectively and therefore athletes can produce better results in a long l asting low level exercises. However in the case of extensive exercise (for example during a sprint before finish or very steep slope on the mountain) there is a demand for more energy and more glucose is metabolized to